tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7743865523088561622024-03-12T18:57:06.592-06:00Anvil Fire BlogFire Pump Distributor for the NorthwestMGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comBlogger27125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-33487040756831081352024-03-11T18:25:00.000-06:002024-03-11T18:25:01.129-06:00Installation of Diesel Fuel Tanks for Fire Pumps (2021 IFC)After you have determined the <a href="http://blog.anvil-fire.com/2012/03/diesel-fuel-tank-size-for-fire-pumps.html">size of fuel tank</a> you need for a diesel fire pump, what are the general requirements for installation? Assuming that you are under under the International Building/Fire Codes, you would go through the following chain of code references:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>IFC (2021 edition) 5701.2 Nonapplicability. This chapter shall not apply to liquids as otherwise provided in other laws or regulations or chapters of this code, including: ... (4) Storage and use of fuel oil in tanks and containers connected to oil-burning equipment. Such storage and use shall be in accordance with Section 605. For abandonment of fuel oil tanks, this chapter applies..</li>
<li>IFC (2021 edition) 605.1 General. The design, construction, installation, operation, alteration, repair and maintenance of nonportable gas-fired appliances and systems shall comply with the provisions of this section and the International Fuel Gas Code. The design, construction, installation, operation, alteration, repair and maintenance of nonportable solid fuel-fired and oil-fired appliances and systems shall comply with the provisions of this section and the International Mechanical Code....</li>
<li>IMC (2021 edition) 915.1 General. The installation of liquid-fueled stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines, including exhaust, fuel storage and piping, shall meet the requirements of <u>NFPA 37</u>. Stationary engine generator assemblies shall meet the requirements of UL 2200.</li><li>NFPA 20-2019 section 11.4.1.4.3.1 states that for situations where fuel tanks in excess of 1,320 gal (4,996 L) are being used, the requirements of NFPA 37 shall apply.</li>
</ol>
So Fuel tanks need to comply with the following standards at minimum:<br />
<div>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://database.ul.com/cgi-bin/XYV/template/LISEXT/1FRAME/showpage.html?name=EFVT.GuideInfo&ccnshorttitle=Special-purpose+Tanks&objid=1074232368&cfgid=1073741824&version=versionless&parent_id=1073986084&sequence=1Guidance%20for%20sizing%20diesel%20fuel%20tanks%20is%20quite%20straight%20for%20due%20to%20the%20prescriptive%20requirements%20of%20the%20code.%20%20Just%20take%20your%20engine%20HP%20x%201.10%20and%20the%20result%20in%20gallons%20is%20the%20minimum%20required%20diesel%20fuel%20storage%20tank%20size.%20%20The%20exact%20code%20reference%20from%20NFPA%2020%20(2010%20edition)%20is%20provided%20below:%2011.4.2*%20Fuel%20Supply%20Tank%20and%20Capacity.%2011.4.2.1*%20Fuel%20supply%20tank(s)%20shall%20have%20a%20capacity%20at%20least%20equal%20to%201%20gal%20per%20hp%20(5.07%20L%20per%20kW),%20plus%205%20percent%20volume%20for%20expansion%20and%205%20percent%20volume%20for%20sump.%20A.11.4.2%20The%20quantity%201%20gal%20per%20hp%20(5.07%20L%20per%20kW)%20is%20equivalent%20to%201%20pint%20per%20hp%20(0.634%20L%20per%20kW)%20per%20hour%20for%208%20hours.%20Where%20prompt%20replenishment%20of%20fuel%20supply%20is%20unlikely,%20a%20reserve%20supply%20should%20be%20provided%20along%20with%20facilities%20for%20transfer%20to%20the%20main%20tanks.%20How%20the%20committee%20arrived%20at%20these%20simplified%20guidelines%20is%20as%20follows.%20%20First,%20we%20have%20the%20following%20conditions%20for%20when%20we%20expect%20the%20fire%20pump%20to%20run:%20Quarterly%20Refilling%20of%20the%20Fuel%20Tank%20(approx%2012-weeks)%20A%20weekly%20test%20run%20for%2030%20Minutes%20A%20minimum%20run%20time%20of%202-hour%20(or%204-hours%20during%20a%20fire%20depending%20upon%20your%20needs)%20Multiply%20this%20out%20and%20you%20get%20basically%208-hours%20of%20continuous%20run%20time%20depending%20upon%20your%20run%20time%20during%20a%20fire.%20%20Take%20the%20NFPA%2020%20appendix%20guidance%20of%201%20pint/hr/HP%20(0.125%20gallons/hr/HP)%20x%208%20hours%20and%20you%20get%201%20Gallon%20per%20horse-power.%20%20Lets%20compare%20this%20to%20the%20actual%20published%20data%20for%20a%20specific%20diesel%20engine.%20%20Take%20the%20smallest%20diesel%20engine%20Cummins%20makes%20a%20CFP5E-F10%20which%20produces%2095HP%20at%201760%20RPM.%20%20The%20published%20fuel%20rate%20is%204.9%20Gal/hr%20(18.5%20L/hr).%20%204.9%20Gallons/hr%20x%208%20hours%20x%201.10%20(sump/expansion)%20=%2043%20gallons%20minimum.%20%20If%20we%20use%20NFPA%2020%20guideance%20we%20would%20get%2095%20HP%20x%201%20Gal/HP%20x%201.10%20=%20104.5%20gallons%20minimum.%20%20As%20you%20can%20see%20the%20for%20this%20specific%20example%20NFPA%2020%20is%20much%20more%20conservative.%20%20The%20other%20item%20you%20need%20to%20verify%20is%20that%20the%20fuel%20tank%20complies%20with%20UL%20142%20%20Standard%20Avaliable%20fuel%20sizes%20are:%20%20%20%20Nominal%20Tank%20Sizes%20(Gallons)%20Usable%20Volume%20(Gallons)%20119%20105%20187%20165%20300%20270%20359%20320%20572%20515%20849%20766%201100%20993%20%20%20%20Based%20on%20some%20standard%20horse%20power%20ratings%20%20200%20HP%20x%201Gal/HP%20x%201.10%20Expansion%20and%20Sump%20=%20220%20Gallons">UL 142</a> - Containment Products for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Fixed and Stationary Storage Tanks, Special-purpose Tanks</li>
<li><a href="http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=20">NFPA 20</a> - Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection</li>
<li><a href="http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=37">NFPA 37</a> - Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>There are numerous requirements for the construction of a diesel fuel tank. However as long as you are buying a listed fuel tank, they will be integrated into the design. So make sure that your fuel tank bears a permanent nameplate or marking the standard it was built to. It is not our intent to discuss how to build a tank. This article is intended to address field installation issues. In our opinion, there are four key items to consider:</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Location</li>
<li>Venting </li>
<li>Fill Line </li>
<li>Containment </li>
</ol>
<h2>
Location</h2>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-unlTh48k49c/T5Mj_hmk6QI/AAAAAAAAAf0/KXWajR_uU2w/s1600/Sample+Diesel+Fuel+Tank+for+Fire+Pump+Installation+Photo.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-unlTh48k49c/T5Mj_hmk6QI/AAAAAAAAAf0/KXWajR_uU2w/s320/Sample+Diesel+Fuel+Tank+for+Fire+Pump+Installation+Photo.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">For most of the continental United States, fuel tanks should not be located outside due to temperature. Diesel is a mix of hydrocarbons, and the components have different freezing points. For Number 2 diesel, as the ambient temperatures drop toward 32°F, it begins to cloud, due to the paraffin in the fuel solidifying. As the temperatures drop below 32°F, the molecules combine into solids, large enough to be stopped by the filter. This is known as the gel point, and generally occurs about 15 degrees F below the cloud point. </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>11.4.3* Fuel Tank Supply Location.</b><br />
...<br />
<b>11.4.3.2</b> In zones where freezing temperatures [32°F (0°C)] are possible, the fuel supply tanks shall be located in the pump room.<br />
...<br />
A.11.4.5 The pour point and cloud point should be at least 10°F (5.6°C) below the lowest expected fuel temperature.</blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Appendix section A.11.4.5 of NFPA 20 (2019 edition) states "<i>The pour point and cloud point should be at least 10°F (5.6°C) below the lowest expected fuel temperature.</i>" So per code if the temperature at your project site is ever expected to drop below 42-degrees you should not install the tank outside. In practice we would not recommend tanks outside areas where the temperature drops below 50-degrees.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
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<h2><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lbDk4dqsE4M/T5Mkivl_KcI/AAAAAAAAAf8/oAMq38TJvFc/s1600/Diesel+Fuel+Tank+Vents.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lbDk4dqsE4M/T5Mkivl_KcI/AAAAAAAAAf8/oAMq38TJvFc/s320/Diesel+Fuel+Tank+Vents.png" width="200" /></a></div>
Venting</h2>
<div>
Tanks need to be vented for two reasons. First, a "normal" or atmospheric vent to allow air into the tank while being filled and emptied. It also allows equalization of pressure due to normal atmospheric temperature and pressure changes. Second, an "emergency" vent to help prevent the tank from becoming over-pressurized and rupturing if exposed to fire. For double wall tanks require a second set of normal and emergency vent lines. Termination of these vents shall be:<br />
<div>
<ol>
<li>Terminated at least 5-feet from any building openings (NFPA 20 section 11.4.1.2.8.2 and IFC 2021 section 5704.2.7.3.3) </li>
<li>Vented so that vapors will not be trapped by eaves or other obstructions (NFPA 20 section 11.4.1.6.1)</li>
<li>A safe point outside of buildings and not less than 12 feet above the finished ground level [NFPA 20-2019 section 11.4.1.6.3 and IFC-2021 section 5704.2.7.3.3 Vent Pipe Outlets]</li>
</ol><div><br /></div><div>Sizing of these vents is the per the name-plate on the tanks. For the normal venting, NFPA 20 (2019 edition) section 11.4.1.4.1 directs you back to ANSI/UL 142 with the additional guidance that the vent shall be at least as large as the fill connection, but not less than 1.25-inch nominal inside diameter. UL 142 Table 8.2 has the same guidance of a 1.25-inch nominal pipe diameter for tanks under 2,500 gallons in volume. In practice, most tanks have at least a 2-inch vent connection (2.067 I.D. for Sch-40) as they utilize a 2-inch fill line and cap.</div></div></div><div>
<br />
For emergency venting, NFPA 37 is strangely silent. However UL142 section 8.1 states that the tank "... shall have provisions for both normal and emergency venting" and provides the minimum nominal pipe vent diameters based on the wetted surface area in feet. The key catch is that UL142 is written to only contemplate a maximum nipple length of one foot, so if a longer nipple is attached to the tank (which it always is) it should be calculated.<br />
<br />
Fairbanks offers a time saving option of a single combined normal/emergency vent line from the tank (see figure below) which is not prohibited by the codes and standards. The emergency vent is terminated with a separate weighted emergency vent cap (Item 19), while the normal vent is terminated with a standard screened vent cap (Item 2). Combining the vents saves labor in the field and penetrations in the owner's walls.</div><div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
Fill Line</h2>
</div>
Obviously we need a way to fill the tank. NFPA 20 does not provide much limitations on the arrangement. However, we recommend that you check with your local AHJ as one can interpret the code differently. For example, some AHJ's enforce Chapter 57 of the International Fire Code (IFC). Chapter 57 is entitled "Flammable and Combustible Liquids" and if applied to this "above-ground storage tank" would require: An overfill prevention system that would automatically shut off the flow of fuel to the tank (5704.2.9.7.5, 1, 1.2); Automatic reduced flow rate (5704.2.9.7.5, 2); Spill containers having a capacity of not less than 5-gallons at each fill connection (5704.2.9.7.7). </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
It is our opinion that NFPA 20 is a more specific code, and therefore the requirements of NFPA 20 override those of the IFC. This is further clarified by IFC section 102.10 which states "Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable." </div><div><br />
Remember do not use galvanized or copper pipe for vent or fill connection pipes on diesel tanks. The sulfur in the diesel fuel can dissolve the zinc in the galvanized plating. This "sludge" can then clog the fuel pump or injectors over time.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<h2>
Containment</h2>
<div>
Per NFPA 20 section 11.4.1.4.4 , "<i>Fuel tanks shall be enclosed with a wall, curb, or dike sufficient to hold the entire capacity of the tank</i>". However, most of the time a double-wall fuel tank with leak detection is acceptable. Just don't forget to provide the leak detection for the the interstitial space between the shells of the diesel fuel storage tank. This signal is to be annunciated by the fire pump controller.<br />
<br />
This language also appears to comply with secondary containment requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) contained in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 264. Diesel fuel is considered a hazardous waste per EPA as they contains heavy metals per Title 40 § 261.3(v) (Definition of hazardous waste). Per Title 40 CFR 264.175, the worst case of the following conditions shall be contained 1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>150% of the volume of the largest container or 2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>10% of the aggregate volume of all containers.<br />
<br />
<h2>
NEC Classifications of Locations</h2>
<div>
Do we need to assign any special electrical classification (e.g. Class I, Div 1) due to the presence of diesel fuel? No. Generally, diesel has a flash point of 125°F or higher. As such it is considered a "combustible" rather than flammable per NFPA 30 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code). That means it has a flash point above 100°F and, unless you have reason to believe it will be routinely stored or handled at or above its flash-point, it may be ignored as a potential cause for Classifying a location. Note: routinely doesn't necessarily mean commonly or regularly, but simply that it wouldn't be an unusual event. Occasionally, it may be in a blend of fuels that has flammable properties; so it is still a good idea to review the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the fuel.</div>
</div>
MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-42600633204841883542022-01-14T16:50:00.002-07:002022-01-22T11:12:44.322-07:00Jockey Pump Sizing and OptionsPressure maintenance pumps (PMP), or jockey pumps (JP) as they are more commonly referred to, are an often incorrectly sized part of a fire pump system. Lets walk through the fundamentals.<div><br /><h2>Why/When Required:</h2>
To start with, technically you are not required to provide a jockey pump on all systems. NFPA 20 section A.4.25 states "<i>Pressure maintenance (jockey or make-up) pumps should be used where it is desirable to maintain a uniform or relatively high pressure on the fire protection system.</i>" The goal is to not shock the system with water hammer when the main fire pump starts. You don't want to be boosting the pressure from 10 psi to 150 psi. You want to be boosting the pressure in the 5-15 psi range.<div><br /></div><div>It is our recommendation that in almost all situations, a jockey pump should be provided to minimize pressure surges when the main fire pump starts.<br />
<br /><h2 style="text-align: left;">Jockey Pump Types:</h2>Jockey pumps are not required to be listed per NFPA 20-2010 section 4.25.1. The failure of a jockey pump results in the main fire pump which would be considered a success.</div><div><br /></div><div>As such any type of commercial booster pump could be utilized. However, as a practical matter there are three common types of pumps used.</div><div><span id="docs-internal-guid-870dd6cb-7fff-f9ed-0961-8b91b835d8a7"><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-ceb95117-7fff-f4a2-c491-0fd4528c93df"><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><br />
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;">
<colgroup><col></col><col></col></colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-top: 1px solid black;">
<td><h2>Regenerative Turbine</h2><div><b>Pro:</b> Cheap Cost / Low HP</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Con:</b> High churn pressure - Even the smallest sizes have churn pressures in excess of 400 psi / Must use a pressure relief valve always / Low flow rates - do note expect to fill a large system quickly with these pumps</div><div><br /></div><div>(Anvil Fire does not recommend this type due to ease of accidentally over pressurizing your system)</div></td>
<td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOOn8FbHMgAkeuDzvx5lftTLr5YhLi57GKFbuQL2D0uZSAXAeTb5vs12hPjjRhQsqRmWK0i0T9zQ9Jxg3FhgDla4MnF1uPzY6A2XYMcZ8tEkQBgyenT7LjDvB7r6t0ulb-KDDM2uVPUvtuRCnZiNb7mR_ZX3uDcmXiaWVsBFzBnXqSlrre7dWW-9eByw=s507"><img border="0" data-original-height="507" data-original-width="500" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhOOn8FbHMgAkeuDzvx5lftTLr5YhLi57GKFbuQL2D0uZSAXAeTb5vs12hPjjRhQsqRmWK0i0T9zQ9Jxg3FhgDla4MnF1uPzY6A2XYMcZ8tEkQBgyenT7LjDvB7r6t0ulb-KDDM2uVPUvtuRCnZiNb7mR_ZX3uDcmXiaWVsBFzBnXqSlrre7dWW-9eByw=w198-h200" width="198" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">
<td><h2>Vertical Multi-Stage</h2><div><b>Pro:</b> Very reliable / Can be selected to prevent exceeding system pressure ratings (i.e. 175 psi) / Ease of maintenance</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Con:</b> Slightly more expensive</div><div><br /></div><div>(Anvil Fire includes this type in all our quotes)</div></td>
<td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vn4aDmdSnrY/UiOSTnOpF0I/AAAAAAAAADI/tJrqZuaMIsM/s1600/Vertical+In-Line+Jockey+Pump.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="151" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vn4aDmdSnrY/UiOSTnOpF0I/AAAAAAAAADI/tJrqZuaMIsM/w200-h151/Vertical+In-Line+Jockey+Pump.png" title="Vertical Multi-Stage" width="200" /></a></td>
</tr>
<tr style="border-bottom: 1px solid black;">
<td><h2>Submersible Multi-Stage</h2><div>If your water supply isn't pressurized (i.e. above-ground tank or city water supply) this is your only option. These are basically "well" pumps and will be submersed down into the water on the end of a 1.25 or 1.5 galvanized pipe.</div></td>
<td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T5Z_F3A7eDc/UiOSTHA6L5I/AAAAAAAAAC8/g0mGXjgH6H4/s1600/Submersible+Jockey+Pump.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="154" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-T5Z_F3A7eDc/UiOSTHA6L5I/AAAAAAAAAC8/g0mGXjgH6H4/w200-h154/Submersible+Jockey+Pump.png" title="Submersible" width="200" /></a></td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
</div></span></div></span><div><br /></div><h2>Sizing of Jockey Pumps</h2><div>Once you know what type of jockey pump you are using, you need to specify the size/rating. We don't recommend following the commonly referenced rule-of-thumb: a jockey pump at 1% of the rated capacity of the main fire pump. It does not take into account the volume of your system and anticipated leakages. The sizing of the jockey pump, has very little to do with the size of your fire pump. Lets look at a couple system types and how we would size the jockey pumps.</div></div><div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;">GPM Rating - Aboveground Only Systems</h2><div>For situations where the pressure maintenance pump serves only aboveground piping for fire sprinkler and standpipe systems, the pressure maintenance pump should be sized to provide a flow less than a single fire sprinkler. The main fire pump should start during any waterflow situation where a sprinkler has opened, which will not happen if the pressure maintenance pump is too large. <br /><br />NFPA 20-2016 section 4.26 states the pump "<i>shall be sized to replenish the fire protection system pressure due to allowable leakage and normal drops in pressure</i>". The appendix language goes on to state "<i>... The main fire pump should start and run (providing a pump running signal) for any waterflow situation where a sprinkler has opened, which will not happen if the pressure maintenance pump is too large. </i>"</div><div><br /></div><div>One guideline that has been successfully used to size pressure maintenance pumps is to select a pump that will make up the allowable leakage rate in 10 minutes or 1 gpm (3.8 L/min), whichever is larger. From a practical standpoint, jockey pumps are "approximately" rated for 2.5 gpm or 5 gpm. We typically quote our pumps with a <u>5 gpm</u> rated jockey pump.</div><div><br /></div><div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">GPM Rating - Large Underground Systems</h2><div>Underground mains are permitted by NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances, to have some leakage. </div><div><br /></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8dKyt8tgNew/Tz0hWw5ggcI/AAAAAAAAAAg/sfFTwv8PdR8/s1600/NFPA20-10.10.2.2.6(a)-Formula.png"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8dKyt8tgNew/Tz0hWw5ggcI/AAAAAAAAAAg/sfFTwv8PdR8/s320/NFPA20-10.10.2.2.6(a)-Formula.png" /></a></div></div></div><div><div><div><i>
where:</i></div></div></div><div><div><div>
L = testing allowance (makeup water), in gallons per hour</div></div></div><div><div><div>
S = length of pipe tested, feet</div></div></div><div><div><div>
D = nominal diameter of the pipe, in inches</div></div></div><div><div><div>
P = average test pressure during the hydrostatic test, in pounds per square inch (gauge)</div></div></div></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><div>Assuming that you have a system that will not exceed 150 PSI in static pressure, the underground will need to be tested to 200 PSI.</div></div></div></blockquote><div><div><br /></div><div>So lets run the following example:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>500-feet of 6-inch Class 52 Ductile Underground (D = 6.280")</li><li>Hydrostatic test pressure of 200 psi</li><li>Allowable Leakage L = <u>0.30 gpm</u></li></ul></div><div>
Assuming you have a 2,000 gpm pump, do you really need a jockey pump rated for 20 gpm when the actual leakage should not exceed 0.30 gpm? We are back to our standard practice of a 5 gpm rated jockey pump being adequate unless you have a lot of underground.</div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;">PSI Rating - All Systems</h2><div>Assuming we now know we are going to use a 5 gpm rated pump, what pressure (psi) rating should we select? There are two different design conditions we need to consider:</div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Flow rate to keep up with expected system leakage</li><li>Maximum expected churn (no-flow) pressure so as to not exceed system rated pressure</li></ol><div>Since we know the expected system leakage is generally close to zero, we are mainly concerned with just making sure the jockey pump won't over pressurize the system. There are three different approaches we can take:</div></div><div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Adjust controller setpoints so the jockey pump turns off (bad idea for a variety of reasons)</li><li>Provide a pressure relief valve to accommodate over pressurization (subject to human error and potential mechanical failure)</li><li>Select a pump with a churn pressure (+ suction pressure) that won't exceed you system rating</li></ol><div>Guess what option Anvil Fire recommends? </div><div><br /></div><h2 style="text-align: left;">Jockey Pump Selection Table Summary</h2><div>Anvil Fire represents AC Fire / Xylem products and generally follow the sizing chart below for jockey pumps. Reach out to your local regional rep and let us help you narrow down your options.</div></div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-d4wPR-Ig4fY/YexFvdekJxI/AAAAAAAAB7I/biqpMnW-rzgJjQpbXU8_wABrsGgoKswAACNcBGAsYHQ/image.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="345" height="491" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-d4wPR-Ig4fY/YexFvdekJxI/AAAAAAAAB7I/biqpMnW-rzgJjQpbXU8_wABrsGgoKswAACNcBGAsYHQ/w383-h491/image.png" width="383" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>
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<h2><br /></h2></div>
</div></div>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-26905538467794622252021-01-29T15:21:00.018-07:002021-05-16T15:26:40.159-06:00New AC Fire Fuel Tank Sizes/Design - 2021<p>Starting immediately, AC Fire is offering a new diesel fuel tank design with more than double the current number of tank sizes available. In addition they will now come standard with emergency vents and a Tnemec N69 Crawford Red paint for better durability. </p><p>Link to PDF literature for <a href="https://documentlibrary.xylemappliedwater.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/22/files/2021/03/FP2.7-Double-Wall-Fuel-Tank.pdf?_ga=2.91835027.868200285.1621200224-1180330969.1552615017">new double-wall fuel tank</a> on the AC Fire web-site.</p><p>Also check out our blog post on <a href="https://blog.anvil-fire.com/2012/04/diesel-fuel-tank-accessories-for-fire.html">Sizing Diesel Fuel Tanks or the Installation of Diesel Fuel Tanks for Fire Pumps</a> if you want to learn more about the code requirements associated with diesel tanks.</p><p>Please reach out if you need additional information.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qAuWY6X_BYw/YKGNUGOvx3I/AAAAAAAABxI/2mnBub-1owM9kRP-rDsRFh1ufIZVtNLZACLcBGAsYHQ/s620/New%2BDiesel%2BFuel%2BTank%2BSize.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="620" height="475" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qAuWY6X_BYw/YKGNUGOvx3I/AAAAAAAABxI/2mnBub-1owM9kRP-rDsRFh1ufIZVtNLZACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h475/New%2BDiesel%2BFuel%2BTank%2BSize.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dGX861rELMU/YKGN6krTN_I/AAAAAAAABxQ/3Vq7VwsE9HAB2i8KzQ6XI1DMPj3_gVIxwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1007/AC%2BFire%2B-%2BDouble%2BWall%2BFuel%2BTank.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="1007" height="396" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dGX861rELMU/YKGN6krTN_I/AAAAAAAABxQ/3Vq7VwsE9HAB2i8KzQ6XI1DMPj3_gVIxwCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h396/AC%2BFire%2B-%2BDouble%2BWall%2BFuel%2BTank.PNG" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> </p>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-59925893248829601902020-02-09T19:59:00.005-07:002023-07-31T20:20:10.710-06:00Fire Pump Rating (Size) SelectionFire pump sizing is not like commercial pump sizing. We don't care about efficiency, and you order pumps in only specific sizes. This article touches upon some items to consider when picking a fire pump.<br />
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In general, the first step is determining your system demand point. Discussion of how exactly you determine this is beyond the scope of this article and has a lot of nuance depending upon your site-specific needs. However, for simplicity let's assume that you have a dry-system in an attic with a demand point of 305 gpm (2535 sq ft x 0.10 gpm/sq ft x 1.20 overflow/imbalance factor).<div><h4>Rated Flow (gpm) Sizing</h4>
The first item you must specify is the pump flow rate. Per NFPA 20 (2013 edition) table 4.8.2 pumps are only allowed to be listed with the following flow rates in gpm:<br />
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<ul>
<li>25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 450, 500, 750, 1000, 1250, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000</li>
</ul>
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So with our example demand of 305 gpm, would you go with a 300 or 400 gpm rated fire pump?</div>
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<div>
While manufacturer's pump curves go way beyond the ratings above, NFPA 20 section 4.8.1 only allows you to use a fire pump out to 150% of its rated capacity. That means that a 300 gpm pump can be run out to 400 gpm (300 x 1.5) and could easily meet the example demand flow rate. One could even use a 250 gpm pump with the corresponding max flow rate of 375 gpm (see the bottom of this article for additional discussion).</div>
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The other common condition is a standpipe. Assume you have two stair-towers and total demand of 750 gpm. Should you run a 500 gpm out 150% to 750 gpm? In our opinion that is probably a poor choice since you are so close to the 150% limitation.</div>
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<div>
So what is the harm in just selecting the next pump size up (i.e. 400 gpm for our 305 gpm example demand)? First, can you water supply handle flowing at least the 100% and/or 150% flow rate? While technically NFPA 20 allows you complete testing at less than 150%, if you can avoid this situation it would be better.</div>
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Second, there may be some hidden cost. For example going from a 400 to 500 gpm pump also means you go from 4-inch suction to 6-inch suction (see our NFPA 20 pump pipe size look-up app at <a href="https://anvil-fire.com/apps_pump_sizing.html">https://anvil-fire.com/apps_pump_sizing.html</a>). In addition, you are generally probably increasing the horsepower and therefore the overall cost of the equipment. Or even causing an electrical transformer to be upgraded.</div>
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<div>
Note that FM Global only allows you to run the pump out to 140% of rated pressure per FM Global Data Sheet 3-7 (Fire Protection Pumps - Oct 2021 Revision) section 2.4.6.4.</div>
<h4>
Rated Pressure (psi) Sizing</h4>
<div>
The second item you must specify is the rated pressure you want. Manufacturers must list each pressure rating in order to maintain listing with UL and FM Global. On occasion you will find some holes in approved pressure ratings, but AC Fire has a long history and therefore an amazingly wide range of rated pumps to accommodate almost any demand.</div>
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<div>
While not directly impacting your selection, it should be noted that NFPA limits manufacturers to how "steep" their curves can be in regard to pressure. See the curve below for the specifics. These limitations are a non-issue when you buy a listed pump as they have already had to comply with the limitations.</div>
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<div>
However, you should pay careful attention to the churn pressure (sometimes also called shut-off or dead-head pressure). When a fire pump is not flowing any water it produces the highest discharge pressure. In general most fire sprinkler components are listed to 175 psi.</div>
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<div>
Let's take the example of you have 50 psi static pressure from the city + our 100 psi rated pressure for a total 150 psi when flowing the 100% rated gpm. Sounds good, right? Maybe not if your churn pressure is 126 psi which is not unthinkable depending upon the specific pump selection (50 psi static + 126 psi churn = 176 psi). Always provide the max city pressure to your pump rep and look at the pump specific curve to ensure no surprises in the field.<br />
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In addition, make sure you check how much pressure you have at your desired flow rate from the city water supply. You can use the formula below or just use the quick calculator at <a href="https://anvil-fire.com/apps_log_graph.html">https://anvil-fire.com/apps_log_graph.html</a><br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aVTwS4KJNhQ/Xptx3HjmQoI/AAAAAAAAc-Q/JcdFu7RVexoDawD22bYCeGtyWJJ5lZvDwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Water_Supply_Calc_Figure.PNG" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> <img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="740" height="277" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aVTwS4KJNhQ/Xptx3HjmQoI/AAAAAAAAc-Q/JcdFu7RVexoDawD22bYCeGtyWJJ5lZvDwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Water_Supply_Calc_Figure.PNG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xHVvQ4NzKOI/XkDAvOfMmFI/AAAAAAAABaw/GvZ8Jhs14ZQ4krIIKB1lt4jwyZRqcShlQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Blogger%2B-%2BSample%2Bfire%2Bpump%2Bcurve%2B1.PNG" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="662" data-original-width="970" height="436" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xHVvQ4NzKOI/XkDAvOfMmFI/AAAAAAAABaw/GvZ8Jhs14ZQ4krIIKB1lt4jwyZRqcShlQCLcBGAsYHQ/s640/Blogger%2B-%2BSample%2Bfire%2Bpump%2Bcurve%2B1.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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Check out AC Fire's online pump selector at <a href="https://www.selectacfirepump.com/">https://www.selectacfirepump.com/</a> and play around with some selections, or reach out to us at <u>sales@anvil-fire.com</u> for support on your projects in the NorthWest.</div>
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A quick reference chart for the 150% and 140% flows of the various pump ratings.</div>
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<style type="text/css"><!--td {border: 1px solid #ccc;}br {mso-data-placement:same-cell;}--></style></div>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" dir="ltr" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; table-layout: fixed; width: 0px;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><colgroup><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col><col width="100"></col></colgroup><tbody>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-value="{"1":2,"2":"Rated Capacity"}" style="background-color: #5b95f9; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; vertical-align: bottom;">Rated Capacity</td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1.5}" style="background-color: #5b95f9; border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">150%</td><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":3,"2":"0%","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1.4}" style="background-color: #5b95f9; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-top-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: bold; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">140%</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":25}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">25</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0.0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":37.5}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">37.5</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0.0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":35}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">35.0</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":50}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">50</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":75}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">75</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":70}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">70</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":100}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">100</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":150}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">150</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":140}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">140</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":150}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">150</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":225}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">225</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":210}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">210</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":200}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">200</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":300}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">300</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":280}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">280</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":250}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">250</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":375}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">375</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":350}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">350</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":300}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">300</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":450}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">450</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":420}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">420</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":400}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">400</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":600}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">600</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":560}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">560</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":450}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">450</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":675}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">675</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":630}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">630</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":500}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">500</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":750}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">750</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":700}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">700</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":750}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">750</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1125}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,125</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1050}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,050</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1000}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,000</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1500}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,500</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1400}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,400</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1250}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,250</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1875}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,875</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1750}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,750</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":1500}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">1,500</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2250}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">2,250</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2100}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">2,100</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2000}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">2,000</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3000}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">3,000</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2800}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">2,800</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":2500}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">2,500</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3750}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">3,750</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3500}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">3,500</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3000}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">3,000</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4500}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">4,500</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4200}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">4,200</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":3500}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">3,500</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5250}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5,250</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4900}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">4,900</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4000}" style="background-color: white; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">4,000</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":6000}" style="background-color: white; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">6,000</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5600}" style="background-color: white; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5,600</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":4500}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">4,500</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":6750}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">6,750</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":6300}" style="background-color: #e8f0fe; border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">6,300</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 21px;"><td data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":5000}" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">5,000</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-1]*1.5" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":7500}" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">7,500</td><td data-sheets-formula="=R[0]C[-2]*1.4" data-sheets-numberformat="{"1":2,"2":"#,##0","3":1}" data-sheets-value="{"1":3,"3":7000}" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-right-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); overflow: hidden; padding: 2px 3px; text-align: right; vertical-align: bottom;">7,000</td></tr>
</tbody></table><br />
</div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Additional FM Global Recommendations:</h3><div>Not fully addressed in this article are the redundancy requirements recommended by FM Global. As a starting point, we would flag the following requirements from FM Global Data Sheet 3-7 (Fire Protection Pumps - Oct 2021 Revision):</div><div><br /></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div><div><b>2.4.6 Pump Sizing</b></div></div><div><div>2.4.6.1 Size the pump to meet the maximum required flow and pressure demand for the system (Qmax).</div></div><div><div>2.4.6.2 The standard water supply for pump and tank configurations are to be made of either one 100% Qmax pump or three (3) 50% of Qmax pumps. For non-storage occupancies, it is acceptable to use two (2) pumps of different driver types, electrical and diesel, equally sized, each meeting a minimum 75% of Qmax (for multiple pump installations, the characteristic pump curves should be identical).</div></div><div><div>2.4.6.3 If flow and pressure demand cannot be provided by the standard water supply, use N-Number of pumps, equally sized (for multiple pump installations, the characteristic pump curves should be identical), to meet the maximum required flow and pressure demand (Qmax). However, N+1 Pumps need to be installed, preferably half electrically driven and half diesel driven.</div></div><div><div>2.4.6.4 For centrifugal pumps, use a maximum of 140% of the pump rated flow capacity to meet the combined system demand and hose streams (if also supplied by the fire pump), if one 100% Qmax pump is used.</div></div><div><div>2.4.6.5 For multiple centrifugal pumps, use a maximum of 110% of the pump rated flow capacity to meet the combined system demand and hose streams (if also supplied by the fire pump).</div></div><div><div>2.4.6.6 Size the pump driver equal to or larger than the maximum peak power required by the pump at any point over its entire flow range. See Sections 2.4.19 and 2.5.1 for more information.</div></div><div><div>2.4.6.7 Size a booster pump’s rated pressure based on the minimum anticipated suction pressure at the maximum required flow demand of the system. Review the daily and seasonal fluctuations in supply pressure to determine the minimum anticipated pump suction pressure.</div></div></blockquote><div><br /></div>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-62646846534252615092019-12-09T13:00:00.000-07:002020-02-25T20:58:30.556-07:00Diesel Exhaust RequirementsThe exhaust from a diesel engine driving a fire pump is an often-overlooked item. The high heat put out by the exhaust is a hazard to occupants and can greatly contribute to overheating the room itself. NFPA 20 (2013 edition), section 11.5 covers "Engine Exhaust" and should be carefully reviewed. However as a starting point, the following items should be considered.<br />
<h3>
Exhaust Discharge Location</h3>
The first step is to determine where you are going to discharge the exhaust gases. NFPA 20 section 11.5.3 for "exhaust discharge location" has the generic common-sense requirements of do not discharge where you might hurt people, damage the building, or directed on combustible materials. But very little specific requirements are provided. There is a loose reference in NFPA 20 back to NFPA 37 (<i>Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines</i>). In addition, the International Mechanical Code (IMC) section 915.1 directs us back to NFPA 37 for guidance.<br />
<br />
NFPA 37-2018 edition section 8.2.3.1 has the same generic recommendation that "<i>Exhaust systems shall terminate outside the structure at a point where hot gases, sparks, or products of combustion will discharge to a safe location.</i>"<br />
<br />
Not well referenced by the codes around exhaust, are the requirements for intake louvers. These requirements provide more hard numbers that the exhaust sections. The IMC section 401.4 requires intake louvers to be a minimum of 10-feet away from any hazardous or noxious sources (diesel exhaust would be considered noxious).<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-teIq7YDrld8/XlXnZIrNFZI/AAAAAAAABcU/3XR2NZeTes8wYtKmBUBtbu9NIN_jxtpSgCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Blogger_Exterior_Exhaust_View_1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-teIq7YDrld8/XlXnZIrNFZI/AAAAAAAABcU/3XR2NZeTes8wYtKmBUBtbu9NIN_jxtpSgCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Blogger_Exterior_Exhaust_View_1.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Example Exterior Exhaust Discharge - Not near any doors</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3>
Exhaust Sizing</h3>
Don't assume that just because the engine and muffler have a 4-inch connection, that you should run 4-inch all the way to the exterior. Back-pressure on the engine due to excessive distances to the end of the exhaust pipe can cause poor engine performance. NFPA 20 states that the exhaust shall not be smaller than the engine outlet size and be as short as possible. NFPA 20 section A.11.5.2 further provides the generic guidance that if you have more than 15 linear feet (4.5 meter) of exhaust pipe, you should increase your exhaust one pipe size for each additional 5-feet (1.5 meters) of length.<br />
<br />
However, rather than using this generic rule-of-thumb, we recommend consulting with the manufacturer. Both Clarke and Cummins have some very easy to use calculators so that there is no question about exhaust sizing. Links to their web pages are provided below:<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.clarkefire.com/design-tools/pump-room-calculators/exhaust-backpressure-calculator">Clarke Fire Exhaust Back-Pressure Calculator</a></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.cummins.com/engines/fire-pump-drives/fire-pump-drive-engine-calculator">Cummins Fire Power Exhaust Back-Pressure Calculator</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>
Exhaust Through Walls/Roofs</h3>
<div>
Obviously you don't want to put your 1200 F degree metal exhaust against wood studs and siding. NFPA 20-2013 section 11.5 provides the following guidance:<br />
<ul>
<li>COMBUSTIBLE ROOF - Guarded at the point of passage through the combustible roof by ventilated metal thimbles that extend not less than 9-inches on each side (above and below) of roof construction and are at least 6-inch in diameter larger than the exhaust pipe or duct.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>COMBUSTIBLE WALL - Metal ventilated thimble not less than 12-inches larger in diameter than the exhaust.</li>
</ul>
NFPA 37-2018 section 8.3 is also applicable for exhaust gas temperatures less than 1,400F (760C). Based upon a quick review of the data sheets for Clarke and Cummins, the typical exhaust temperature does not exceed 1,100 F. The requirements of NFPA 37 are basically the same as NFPA 20.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yIVi6OqK41w/XlXrt1w63iI/AAAAAAAABc0/uV9iEgMwwqQfgfn9xsQn0BQChjQM714swCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Blogger_Exhaust_Wall_Thimble.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="1000" height="258" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yIVi6OqK41w/XlXrt1w63iI/AAAAAAAABc0/uV9iEgMwwqQfgfn9xsQn0BQChjQM714swCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Blogger_Exhaust_Wall_Thimble.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diesel Exhaust Wall Thimble - Exterior</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9clrL1vU_s0/XlXruWVodAI/AAAAAAAABc4/GlPyQ3ORpk8QA8cRq1MPuObkSIkewXkFQCEwYBhgL/s1600/Blogger_Exhaust_Wall_Thimble_Interior.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9clrL1vU_s0/XlXruWVodAI/AAAAAAAABc4/GlPyQ3ORpk8QA8cRq1MPuObkSIkewXkFQCEwYBhgL/s320/Blogger_Exhaust_Wall_Thimble_Interior.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diesel Exhaust Wall Thimble - Interior</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<h3>
Insulation</h3>
The exhaust pipe shall be covered with high temperature insulation or otherwise guarded to protect personnel from injury. This should also include the required minimum 12-inch flexible piece shall be installed between the engine and the exhaust piping (this piece is provided standard with all packages provided by Anvil Fire).<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VgkG5VgmPK4/XlXkps23WuI/AAAAAAAABb0/Fl0MbOOZNg0w9UctETErPcJEeXmXYG5CQCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/Blogger_Diesel_Exhaust_No_Insulation.bmp.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="750" data-original-width="1000" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VgkG5VgmPK4/XlXkps23WuI/AAAAAAAABb0/Fl0MbOOZNg0w9UctETErPcJEeXmXYG5CQCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/Blogger_Diesel_Exhaust_No_Insulation.bmp.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diesel Engine Exhaust - Without Insulation</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3QcFbTMCQX4/XlXkprc0QnI/AAAAAAAABb4/WczmFuB5xqsHXxbz9F-a_fGgsCXe20pxgCEwYBhgL/s1600/Blogger_Diesel_Exhaust_Insulation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="778" data-original-width="1000" height="310" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3QcFbTMCQX4/XlXkprc0QnI/AAAAAAAABb4/WczmFuB5xqsHXxbz9F-a_fGgsCXe20pxgCEwYBhgL/s400/Blogger_Diesel_Exhaust_Insulation.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Diesel Engine Exhaust - With Insulation</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Contact Anvil Fire (sales@anvil-fire.com) for support and sales of any product referenced in this article.MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-75625865444805095782019-10-01T21:21:00.001-06:002021-05-10T21:28:08.189-06:00UL 448 - Fire Pump Horse Power Changes<p>Effective November 1, 2019, Underwriters’ Laboratories (UL) Standard 448 has been revised to change the maximum horsepower required by the driver (electric motor or diesel engine) paired with a fire pump. The new requirement specifies that maximum brake-horsepower must be demonstrated during each performance test. If the maximum horsepower developed is greater than current motor or engine horsepower offering, the pump will fail testing under the new criteria. This is an industry-wide change, meaning compliance is required by all UL listed fire pump manufacturers.</p><p>To maintain compliance with the Standard, driver requirements for numerous fire pumps have changed for all manufacturers with any orders shipped beginning November 1, 2019.</p><p>Vertical turbine fire pumps, by the nature of their design, are not affected by the change in Standard.</p><p>The UL448 Standard pertains only to centrifugal pumps, therefore positive displacement pumps, are not affected by this change. </p><p><u>FAQs</u></p><p><b>Does this change in the UL448 Standard affect both electric-driven and diesel-driven fire pump </b><b>packages? </b>Yes, this change applies to both electric and diesel fire pump packages.</p><p><b>You state “maximum brake-horsepower must be demonstrated during each performance test.” Haven’t fire pumps always been tested this way? </b>Until now, fire pumps have been tested up to shortly beyond the secondary duty point (i.e. 150%) and not to runout (can be up to 400% of the pump rated flow)</p><p><b>What about replacement pumps? Might they need higher horsepower drivers or are they “grandfathered” in?</b> All fire pumps shipped after November 1, 2019 must be compliant with the new UL448 Standard, meaning some horsepower requirements may increase. This applies to replacement pumps, as well as pumps for new installations since they all must undergo Certified Performance testing and demonstrate the maximum brake horsepower during this test. Rotating elements can be replaced like-for-like.</p><p><br /></p>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-51297103425562384492017-08-06T11:32:00.003-06:002017-08-06T11:32:39.749-06:00New FM Global Fire Pump Marking RequirementsFM Global is updating their nameplate requirements for fire pumps. Nameplates for pumps manufactured after October 1, 2017 must now include the name of the pump driver and pump controller manufacturers and serial numbers per the sample below:<br />
<br />
<img alt="An example of a fire pump nameplate including driver and controller information" height="364" src="http://www.fmapprovals.com/~/media/Images/FMApprovals/APN%20Images/2017-Issue-1/ABC-Pumps_970x555.jpg" width="640" /><br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
"With the global expansion of our business, we have seen a dramatic increase in the number of FM Approved fire pumps and pump packages worldwide," notes Dave Fuller, manager of FM Approvals' fire protection group. "This means that more and more manufacturers must rely on multiple facilities for distribution and shipping, and with that have come additional challenges to ensuring complete FM Approved pump packages are being supplied. By requiring more details be included on the pump or pump package label, we are increasing the transparency of this requirement to the end user. This creates a stronger paper trail and easier verification, and will help all parties involved should there ever be a question about a specific fire pump package."</blockquote>
Anvil Fire has seen instances of other distributors assembling different manufacturers together in their shop to save money. However, FM Global has always required that the serial number of the pump and controllers to be recorded at the factory. It is clear that FM Global is trying to further enforce this requirement.<br />
<br />
Visit the FM Global web-page for additional information: <a href="http://www.fmapprovals.com/product-alerts-and-news-events/approved-product-news/approved-product-news-recent-issues/2017/apn-volume-33-issue-1/fire-pump">http://www.fmapprovals.com/product-alerts-and-news-events/approved-product-news/approved-product-news-recent-issues/2017/apn-volume-33-issue-1/fire-pump</a>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-89168330931426735572015-02-27T19:06:00.000-07:002016-02-07T09:34:21.015-07:00Diesel Engine Cooling Loops<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DGbf9nfw8YQ/U-F_c3WtOuI/AAAAAAAAGSQ/sP55zRvLQyw/s1600/Clarke+Diesel+Engine+-+Cooling+Loop+FM+Label.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Photo of Clarke Fire cooling loop name plate" border="0" height="196" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DGbf9nfw8YQ/U-F_c3WtOuI/AAAAAAAAGSQ/sP55zRvLQyw/s1600/Clarke+Diesel+Engine+-+Cooling+Loop+FM+Label.png" title="Photo of Clarke Fire cooling loop name plate" width="320" /></a><br />
Make sure you are in compliance with FM Global's requirements for cooling loops on diesel engines. FM Global <a href="https://www.fmglobal.com/assets/pdf/fmapprovals/1333.pdf">Approval Standard 1333</a> was updated in 30 Nov 2013, but compliance was not required until 1 April 2015.<br />
<br />
Clarke Fire has an excellent write-up on their web page that you can find <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0BzcuOJXuVRPuRFhTdlFIRVdQV1k">here</a>. But, we wanted to summarize the key requirements.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ol><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0uDUViCY-QU/Vrdw_GzRS6I/AAAAAAAAKrY/tHKw5w1-2j0/s1600/Clarke%2BFire%2B-%2BCooling%2BLoop%2BSensors.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Photo of new Clarke Fire cooling loop sensor locations" border="0" height="304" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-0uDUViCY-QU/Vrdw_GzRS6I/AAAAAAAAKrY/tHKw5w1-2j0/s320/Clarke%2BFire%2B-%2BCooling%2BLoop%2BSensors.PNG" title="Photo of new Clarke Fire cooling loop sensor locations" width="320" /></a></ol>
<ul>
<li>FM Approval - Cooling loops are now required to be approved and therefore they will have the FM logo on a nameplate.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Low Raw Water Flow Alarm - This switch is set to activate at 75% of the required flow rate.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>High Raw Water Temperature Alarm - This switch is set at 105F (40C).</li>
</ul>
<br />
MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-9299484388566199322014-01-15T08:00:00.002-07:002024-03-11T18:25:28.223-06:00Installation of Diesel Fuel Tanks for Fire Pumps (OLD)<h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red;">This article is based upon 2009 IFC codes and is obsolete. See newer version here: <a href="https://blog.anvil-fire.com/2024/03/installation-of-diesel-fuel-tanks-for.html">https://blog.anvil-fire.com/2024/03/installation-of-diesel-fuel-tanks-for.html</a></span></h2><div><br /></div>After you have determined the <a href="http://blog.anvil-fire.com/2012/03/diesel-fuel-tank-size-for-fire-pumps.html">size of fuel tank</a> you need for a diesel fire pump, what are the general requirements for installation? Assuming that you are under under the International Building/Fire Codes, you would go through the following chain of code references:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>IFC (2009 edition) 3401.2 Nonapplicability. This chapter shall not apply to liquids as otherwise provided in other laws or regulations or chapters of this code, including: ... (3) Storage and use of fuel oil in tanks and containers connected to oil-burning equipment. Such storage and use shall be in accordance with <span style="background-color: yellow;">Section 603</span>. For abandonment of fuel oil tanks, this chapter applies.</li>
<li>IFC (2009 edition) 603.1 Installation. The installation of nonportable fuel gas appliances and systems shall comply the International Fuel Gas Code. The installation of all other fuel-fired appliances,<span style="background-color: yellow;"> other than internal combustion engines</span>, oil lamps and portable devices such as blow torches, melting pots and weed burners, shall comply with this section and the International Mechanical Code.</li>
<li>IMC (2009 edition) 915.1 General. The installation of liquid-fueled stationary internal combustion engines and gas turbines, including exhaust, fuel storage and piping, shall meet the requirements of <span style="background-color: yellow;">NFPA 37</span>.</li>
</ol>
<br />
So Fuel tanks need to comply with the following standards at minimum:<br />
<div>
<ol>
<li><a href="http://database.ul.com/cgi-bin/XYV/template/LISEXT/1FRAME/showpage.html?name=EFVT.GuideInfo&ccnshorttitle=Special-purpose+Tanks&objid=1074232368&cfgid=1073741824&version=versionless&parent_id=1073986084&sequence=1Guidance%20for%20sizing%20diesel%20fuel%20tanks%20is%20quite%20straight%20for%20due%20to%20the%20prescriptive%20requirements%20of%20the%20code.%20%20Just%20take%20your%20engine%20HP%20x%201.10%20and%20the%20result%20in%20gallons%20is%20the%20minimum%20required%20diesel%20fuel%20storage%20tank%20size.%20%20The%20exact%20code%20reference%20from%20NFPA%2020%20(2010%20edition)%20is%20provided%20below:%2011.4.2*%20Fuel%20Supply%20Tank%20and%20Capacity.%2011.4.2.1*%20Fuel%20supply%20tank(s)%20shall%20have%20a%20capacity%20at%20least%20equal%20to%201%20gal%20per%20hp%20(5.07%20L%20per%20kW),%20plus%205%20percent%20volume%20for%20expansion%20and%205%20percent%20volume%20for%20sump.%20A.11.4.2%20The%20quantity%201%20gal%20per%20hp%20(5.07%20L%20per%20kW)%20is%20equivalent%20to%201%20pint%20per%20hp%20(0.634%20L%20per%20kW)%20per%20hour%20for%208%20hours.%20Where%20prompt%20replenishment%20of%20fuel%20supply%20is%20unlikely,%20a%20reserve%20supply%20should%20be%20provided%20along%20with%20facilities%20for%20transfer%20to%20the%20main%20tanks.%20How%20the%20committee%20arrived%20at%20these%20simplified%20guidelines%20is%20as%20follows.%20%20First,%20we%20have%20the%20following%20conditions%20for%20when%20we%20expect%20the%20fire%20pump%20to%20run:%20Quarterly%20Refilling%20of%20the%20Fuel%20Tank%20(approx%2012-weeks)%20A%20weekly%20test%20run%20for%2030%20Minutes%20A%20minimum%20run%20time%20of%202-hour%20(or%204-hours%20during%20a%20fire%20depending%20upon%20your%20needs)%20Multiply%20this%20out%20and%20you%20get%20basically%208-hours%20of%20continuous%20run%20time%20depending%20upon%20your%20run%20time%20during%20a%20fire.%20%20Take%20the%20NFPA%2020%20appendix%20guidance%20of%201%20pint/hr/HP%20(0.125%20gallons/hr/HP)%20x%208%20hours%20and%20you%20get%201%20Gallon%20per%20horse-power.%20%20Lets%20compare%20this%20to%20the%20actual%20published%20data%20for%20a%20specific%20diesel%20engine.%20%20Take%20the%20smallest%20diesel%20engine%20Cummins%20makes%20a%20CFP5E-F10%20which%20produces%2095HP%20at%201760%20RPM.%20%20The%20published%20fuel%20rate%20is%204.9%20Gal/hr%20(18.5%20L/hr).%20%204.9%20Gallons/hr%20x%208%20hours%20x%201.10%20(sump/expansion)%20=%2043%20gallons%20minimum.%20%20If%20we%20use%20NFPA%2020%20guideance%20we%20would%20get%2095%20HP%20x%201%20Gal/HP%20x%201.10%20=%20104.5%20gallons%20minimum.%20%20As%20you%20can%20see%20the%20for%20this%20specific%20example%20NFPA%2020%20is%20much%20more%20conservative.%20%20The%20other%20item%20you%20need%20to%20verify%20is%20that%20the%20fuel%20tank%20complies%20with%20UL%20142%20%20Standard%20Avaliable%20fuel%20sizes%20are:%20%20%20%20Nominal%20Tank%20Sizes%20(Gallons)%20Usable%20Volume%20(Gallons)%20119%20105%20187%20165%20300%20270%20359%20320%20572%20515%20849%20766%201100%20993%20%20%20%20Based%20on%20some%20standard%20horse%20power%20ratings%20%20200%20HP%20x%201Gal/HP%20x%201.10%20Expansion%20and%20Sump%20=%20220%20Gallons">UL 142</a> - Containment Products for Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Fixed and Stationary Storage Tanks, Special-purpose Tanks</li>
<li><a href="http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=20">NFPA 20</a> - Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection</li>
<li><a href="http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=37">NFPA 37</a> - Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
You will note that <a href="http://www.nfpa.org/aboutthecodes/AboutTheCodes.asp?DocNum=30">NFPA 30</a> (Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code) is not included on the list. NFPA 20 appendix section A.11.4.3 clarifies that the intent is to apply NFPA 37 as the tanks is part of the "internal combustion engine system". The specific explanation from the appendix language of NFPA 20 (A.11.4.3) is as follows:</div>
<div>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Research has identified nothing in NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, or NFPA 37, Standard for the Installation and Use of Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines, that prohibits the outlet connection to the engine from the diesel tank from being in the location required by NFPA 20.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The applicable code is NFPA37, not NFPA30. The scope of NFPA 30 clearly states that if the installation meets the criteria in NFPA 37, then it satisfies the requirements of NFPA 30.</i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>Therefore, NFPA 37 applies for <span style="background-color: yellow;">the fuel tank for the fire pump, as it is considered to be part of the installation of the internal combustion engine</span>. Subsection 6.3.2 of NFPA 37 deals with fuel tanks inside structures for fuels other than Class I liquids. Sections 6.6, 6.7, and 6.8 of NFPA 37 deal with filling, venting, and connections between the engine and the fuel tank, and these sections send the reader back to NFPA 30 for the requirements. A review of the tank chapter in NFPA 30 for fixed tanks with capacity of 119 gallons or more finds no requirement stating that the connection to the engine has to be from the top of the tank, if the tank is on the floor on legs, or otherwise above ground.</i></blockquote>
<br />
There are numerous requirements for the construction of a diesel fuel tank. However as long as you are buying a listed fuel tank, they will be integrated into the design. So make sure that your fuel tank bears a permanent nameplate or marking the standard it was built to. It is not our intent to discuss how to build a tank. This article is intended to address field installation issues. In our opinion, there are four key items to consider:</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li>Location</li>
<li>Venting </li>
<li>Fill Line </li>
<li>Containment </li>
</ol>
<h2>
Location</h2>
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-unlTh48k49c/T5Mj_hmk6QI/AAAAAAAAAf0/KXWajR_uU2w/s1600/Sample+Diesel+Fuel+Tank+for+Fire+Pump+Installation+Photo.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-unlTh48k49c/T5Mj_hmk6QI/AAAAAAAAAf0/KXWajR_uU2w/s320/Sample+Diesel+Fuel+Tank+for+Fire+Pump+Installation+Photo.png" width="320" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;">For most of the continental United States, fuel tanks should not be located outside due to temperature. Diesel is a mix of hydrocarbons, and the components have different freezing points. For Number 2 diesel, as the ambient temperatures drop toward 32°F, it begins to cloud, due to the paraffin in the fuel solidifying. As the temperatures drop below 32°F, the molecules combine into solids, large enough to be stopped by the filter. This is known as the gel point, and generally occurs about 15 degrees F below the cloud point. </span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>11.4.3* Fuel Tank Supply Location.</b><br />
...<br />
<b>11.4.3.2</b> In zones where freezing temperatures [32°F (0°C)] are possible, the fuel supply tanks shall be located in the pump room.<br />
...<br />
A.11.4.5 The pour point and cloud point should be at least 10°F (5.6°C) below the lowest expected fuel temperature.</blockquote>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Appendix section A.11.4.5 of NFPA 20 (2010 edition) states "<i>The pour point and cloud point should be at least 10°F (5.6°C) below the lowest expected fuel temperature.</i>" So per code if the temperature at your project site is ever expected to drop below 42-degrees you should not install the tank outside. In practice we would not recommend tanks outside areas where the temperature drops below 50-degrees.</span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h2>
Venting</h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lbDk4dqsE4M/T5Mkivl_KcI/AAAAAAAAAf8/oAMq38TJvFc/s1600/Diesel+Fuel+Tank+Vents.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lbDk4dqsE4M/T5Mkivl_KcI/AAAAAAAAAf8/oAMq38TJvFc/s320/Diesel+Fuel+Tank+Vents.png" width="200" /></a></div>
<div>
Tanks need to be vented for two reasons. First, a "normal" or atmospheric vent to allow air into the tank while being filled and emptied. It also allows equalization of pressure due to normal atmospheric temperature and pressure changes. Second, an "emergency" vent to help prevent the tank from becoming over-pressurized and rupturing if exposed to fire. For double wall tanks require a second set of normal and emergency vent lines. Termination of these vents shall be:<br />
<div>
<ol>
<li>Terminated at least 5-feet from any building openings (NFPA 20 section 11.4.1.2.8.2) [Note this is more stringent that the 2-foot requirement of NFPA 37 section 6.7]</li>
<li>Vented so that vapors will not be trapped by eaves or other obstructions (NFPA 20 section 11.4.1.2.8.2)</li>
<li>[The 2019 edition of NFPA 20 copied over the requirement for the outlets to terminate at least 12 ft above the finished grade]</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
A code section that is commonly enforced, but not technically applicable is NFPA 30 section 27.8.1 which which applies to Class I liquids. Diesel fuel is typically a Class II liquid (Flash Point equal to or greater than 100°F, but less than 140°F). The exact wording is provided for reference below.<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b>27.8.1 Vent Piping for Aboveground Storage Tanks.</b><br />
<b>27.8.1.1</b> Where the outlets of vent pipes for tanks storing <span style="background-color: yellow;">Class I liquids</span> are adjacent to buildings or public ways, they shall be located so that vapors are released at a safe point outside of buildings and not less than 12 ft (3.6 m) above the adjacent ground level.</blockquote>
You will note that appendix figure A.11.4.4 from NFPA 20 has a diagram indicating a 10-foot minimum distance from the "screened weather vent" to the fill cap. To the best of our knowledge, there is no specific code requirement for this distance since the appendix is for guidance only.</div>
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MAfkX1YkP9s/T5Ms1-73z6I/AAAAAAAAAgE/-2gYYRu-UIw/s1600/NFPA+20+Figure+A.11.4.4+-+Fuel+System+for+Diesel+Engine.png" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MAfkX1YkP9s/T5Ms1-73z6I/AAAAAAAAAgE/-2gYYRu-UIw/s640/NFPA+20+Figure+A.11.4.4+-+Fuel+System+for+Diesel+Engine.png" width="640" /></a><br />
<br />
<br />
Sizing of these vents is the per the name-plate on the tanks. For the normal venting, NFPA 20 (2010 edition) section 11.4.1.2.8 directs you back to ANSI/UL 142 with the additional guidance that the vent shall be at least as large as the fill connection, but not less than 1.25-inch nominal inside diameter. UL 142 Table 8.2 has the same guidance of a 1.25-inch nominal pipe diameter for tanks under 2,500 gallons in volume. In practice, most tanks have at least a 2-inch vent connection (2.067 I.D. for Sch-40) as they utilize a 2-inch fill line and cap.<br />
<br />
For emergency venting, NFPA 37 is strangely silent. However UL142 section 8.1 states that the tank "... shall have provisions for both normal and emergency venting" and provides the minimum nominal pipe vent diameters based on the wetted surface area in feet. The key catch is that UL142 is written to only contemplate a maximum nipple length of one foot, so if a longer nipple is attached to the tank (which it always is) it should be calculated.<br />
<br />
Fairbanks offers a time saving option of a single combined normal/emergency vent line from the tank (see figure below) which is not prohibited by the codes and standards. The emergency vent is terminated with a separate weighted emergency vent cap (Item 19), while the normal vent is terminated with a standard screened vent cap (Item 2). Combining the vents saves labor in the field and penetrations in the owner's walls.</div>
<div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-O8SpTe9Kr2M/T6_UFFicOhI/AAAAAAAAAjo/rzIZwsBDt0M/s1600/Fairbanks-Diesel-Fuel-Tank-Venting-Detail.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-O8SpTe9Kr2M/T6_UFFicOhI/AAAAAAAAAjo/rzIZwsBDt0M/s400/Fairbanks-Diesel-Fuel-Tank-Venting-Detail.png" width="392" /></a></div>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
Fill Line</h2>
</div>
Obviously we need a way to fill the tank. NFPA 20 does not provide much limitations on the arrangement. However, we recommend that you check with your local AHJ as one can interpret the code differently. For example, some AHJ's enforce Chapter 34 of the International Fire Code (IFC). Chapter 34 is entitled "Flammable and Combustible Liquids" and if applied to this "above-ground storage tank" would require: An overfill prevention system that would automatically shut off the flow of fuel to the tank (3404.2.9.7.6,1,1.2); Automatic reduced flow rate (3404.2.9.7.6,2); Spill containers having a capacity of not less than 5-gallons at each fill connection (3404.2.9.7.8). </div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
It is our opinion that NFPA 20 is a more specific code, and therefore the requirements of NFPA 20 override those of the IFC. This is further clarified by IFC section 102.10 which states "Where there is a conflict between a general requirement and a specific requirement, the specific requirement shall be applicable." This is similar the application of NFPA 30 as noted at beginning of this article.<br />
<br />
Remember do not use galvanized or copper pipe for vent or fill connection pipes on diesel tanks. The sulfur in the diesel fuel can dissolve the zinc in the galvanized plating. This "sludge" can then clog the fuel pump or injectors over time.<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<h2>
Containment</h2>
<div>
Per NFPA 20 section 11.4.1.2.4, "<i>Fuel tanks shall be enclosed with a wall, curb, or dike sufficient to hold the entire capacity of the tank</i>". However, most of the time a double-wall fuel tank with leak detection is acceptable. This is further clarified by appendix section A.11.4.1.2.1 which states "<i>Dikes are generally not necessary due to the requirement for double-wall tanks with monitoring.</i>" Just don't forget to provide the leak detection for the the interstitial space between the shells of the diesel fuel storage tank. This signal is to be annunciated by the fire pump controller.<br />
<br />
This language also appears to comply with secondary containment requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) contained in title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 264. Diesel fuel is considered a hazardous waste per EPA as they contains heavy metals per Title 40 § 261.3(v) (Definition of hazardous waste). Per Title 40 CFR 264.175, the worst case of the following conditions shall be contained 1)<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space: pre;"> </span>150% of the volume of the largest container or 2)<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>10% of the aggregate volume of all containers.<br />
<br />
<h2>
NEC Classifications of Locations</h2>
<div>
Do we need to assign any special electrical classification (e.g. Class I, Div 1) due to the presence of diesel fuel? No. Generally, diesel has a flash point of 125°F or higher. As such it is considered a "combustible" rather than flammable per NFPA 30 (Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code). That means it has a flash point above 100°F and, unless you have reason to believe it will be routinely stored or handled at or above its flash-point, it may be ignored as a potential cause for Classifying a location. Note: routinely doesn't necessarily mean commonly or regularly, but simply that it wouldn't be an unusual event. Occasionally, it may be in a blend of fuels that has flammable properties; so it is still a good idea to review the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the fuel.</div>
</div>
MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-10042396715538809472013-04-25T08:00:00.000-06:002014-02-08T15:25:01.601-07:00Fire Pump Sensor Recall<h2>
Gem Sensor 3100 Recall Notice</h2>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IiTKo8U-54Q/UvaqTfjBRDI/AAAAAAAAD3A/X4Qb1HVzZmk/s1600/Gem-sensor-image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Gem Sensor - Old 3100 model" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IiTKo8U-54Q/UvaqTfjBRDI/AAAAAAAAD3A/X4Qb1HVzZmk/s1600/Gem-sensor-image.jpg" title="" /></a></div>
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_AJCHDlUkf4/Uvasgm9lqbI/AAAAAAAAD3s/vE7PnGtFhmE/s1600/Gem-sensor-new-model-image.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Gem Sensor - Model 3300 (new)" border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_AJCHDlUkf4/Uvasgm9lqbI/AAAAAAAAD3s/vE7PnGtFhmE/s1600/Gem-sensor-new-model-image.png" height="400" title="New sensor" width="221" /></a><br />
On April 24, 2012 the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) issued a press release,<a href="http://www.cpsc.gov/cpscpub/prerel/prhtml12/12156.html"> CPSC #12‐156</a>, for the voluntary recall of Gems 3100 Pressure Detectors/Transducers because the transducer can fail to accurately detect water pressure in a fire suppression sprinkler system. This could cause the sprinkler system to fail to activate and pump water to the sprinklers in the event of a fire. The failure associated with the Transducer is not a sudden loss of function but rather a slow degradation of performance over many hours of continuous use with constant water pressure. The use of the transducer in non‐water and/or fluctuating pressure applications has not shown the same potential problem.<br />
<br />
The sensors are basically failing in a "high" pressure rating (e.g. will read 100 PSI higher than actual pressure). So it is easy to spot, but does require good on-going maintenance. One should install a calibrated gauge and compare the pressures.<br />
<br />
The transducer has "Gems Sensors & Controls," as well as the 18- digit part number, printed on a label affixed to the center of the transducer. Part numbers beginning with "3100" are included in this recall.<br />
<br />
<b>Gems sold the recalled 3100 Pressure Transducers directly to end-users and through distributors from January 2006 through February 2012.</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
The 3100 has been replaced with the new 3300 series model. Replacement transducers are avaliable at no cost from Gem.<br />
<br />
The newer 3300 model has a green sticker as shown in the figure to the right. The older 3100 model has a white sticker.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
_________________________________________________________________________________<br />
<br />
<div align="center" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;">
<h1>
NEWS from CPSC</h1>
<h2>
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission</h2>
</div>
<table border="0" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular;"><tbody>
<tr><td align="left">Office of Communications</td><td align="right">Washington, D.C.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<hr noshade="" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;" />
<br />
<table border="0" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular;"><tbody>
<tr valign="top"><td align="left">FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE<br />
April 24, 2012<br />
Release #12-156</td><td align="right"><b>Firm's Recall Hotline: (855) 877-9666</b><br />
CPSC Recall Hotline: (800) 638-2772<br />
CPSC Media Contact: (301) 504-7908</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular;">
Gems Sensors Recalls Pressure Transducers Used in Fire Pump Controllers Due to Risk of Failure in a Fire</h2>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;">
WASHINGTON, D.C. - The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, in cooperation with the firm named below, today announced a voluntary recall of the following consumer product. Consumers should stop using recalled products immediately unless otherwise instructed. It is illegal to resell or attempt to resell a recalled consumer product.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;">
<b>Name of Product: </b>Gems 3100 Pressure Detectors/Transducers<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;">
<b>Units: </b>About 25,000<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;">
<b>Importer: </b>Gems Sensors Inc., of Plainville, Conn.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;">
<b>Hazard: </b>The transducer can fail to accurately detect water pressure in a fire suppression sprinkler system. This could cause the sprinkler system to fail to activate and pump water to the sprinklers in the event of a fire.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;">
<b>Incidents/Injuries: </b>None.<br />
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<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, Swiss, SunSans-Regular; font-size: small;">
<b>Description: </b>The Gems 3100 Pressure Transducer is used to detect pressure in a range of applications, including the detection of water pressure as part of a fire pump controller in a fire suppression sprinkler system. The transducer has "Gems Sensors & Controls," as well as the 18- digit part number, printed on a label affixed to the center of the transducer. Part numbers beginning with "3100" are included in this recall.</div>
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<b>Sold by: </b>Gems sold the recalled 3100 Pressure Transducers directly to end-users and through distributors from January 2006 through February 2012 for about $250.<br />
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<b>Manufactured in: </b>England<br />
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<b>Remedy: </b>Contact Gems to receive enhanced twice monthly inspection instructions and information about a free replacement transducer, when warranted. End-users who use the 3100 Pressure Transducer in other applications in which water pressure is measured should contact Gems to determine if their units are affected.<br />
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<b>Consumer Contact: </b>For additional information, call the company toll-free at (855) 877-9666, between 8 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. ET, Monday through Friday, or visit the firm's website at <a href="http://www.gemssensors.com/">http://www.gemssensors.com</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Gems 3100 Pressure Transducer</b></span><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IiTKo8U-54Q/UvaqTfjBRDI/AAAAAAAAD3A/X4Qb1HVzZmk/s1600/Gem-sensor-image.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="Gem Sensor - Old 3100 model" border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-IiTKo8U-54Q/UvaqTfjBRDI/AAAAAAAAD3A/X4Qb1HVzZmk/s1600/Gem-sensor-image.jpg" title="" /></a></div>
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The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) is still interested in receiving incident or injury reports that are either directly related to this product recall or involve a different hazard with the same product. Please tell us about your experience with the product on <a href="http://www.saferproducts.gov/">SaferProducts.gov</a></span><br />
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CPSC is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of the thousands of consumer products under the agency's jurisdiction. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the nation more than $900 billion annually. CPSC is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical, or mechanical hazard. CPSC's work to ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters, and household chemicals - contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 30 years.</span><br />
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Under federal law, it is illegal to attempt to sell or resell this or any other recalled product.</span>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-74381773635654942202012-03-15T14:27:00.000-06:002015-01-06T19:34:12.098-07:00Pressure Relief Valves with Diesel Engines<div class="tr_bq">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Photo of Circulation Relief Valve" src="http://www.preengfire.com/images/pump_definitions/circulation_relief_valve.png" height="200" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Circulation Relief Valve for Fire Pumps" width="200" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Circulation Relief Valve</td></tr>
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When is a pressure relief valve (PRV) required on a fire pump system? For a standard 175 PSI rated system, the simple answer is check and make sure that your expected churn pressure plus maximum static suction pressure <b><u>will not exceed 144.6 PSI</u></b> (or 206.6 PSI for a 250 PSI rated system). The sizing of the relief valve comes from NFPA 20 (2010 edition) table 5.25(a) which is summarized in our <a href="http://www.anvil-fire.com/apps_pump_sizing.html">fire pump sizing app</a>. For those of you that like to know the details read on.<br />
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First let's clarify that we are taking about a main pressure relief valve and not a circulation relief valve. A circulation relief valve is generally 3/4-inch in size if less than 3,000 gpm and intended to provide a little fresh water into the pump casing for <u><b>cooling purposes</b></u>.<br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XAdhQV7B4ik/T19T0flcOqI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/R_MjtXjgbVY/s1600/pressure_relief_valve.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="photo of main pressure relief valve for fire pumps" border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XAdhQV7B4ik/T19T0flcOqI/AAAAAAAAAfQ/R_MjtXjgbVY/s200/pressure_relief_valve.png" height="200" title="Pressure Relief Valve for Fire Pump" width="183" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px; text-align: center;">Pressure Relief Valve</td></tr>
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When we say pressure relief valve in "fire pump" terminology, we are referencing a PRV that is only provided on diesel fire pumps to accommodate possible <u><b>engine over-speed </b></u>conditions. The regulators on diesel engines are good, but not perfect. When the load on the diesel engine changes,there is a natural delay in response and overshoot while the engine tries to maintain speed. Our goal is prevent the system from exceeding maximum rated system-pressures when this slight change in RPM occurs. By code diesel fire pumps have a kill switch should the RPM exceed ten-percent of the design speed. In practice, we have rarely seen a well maintained engine exceed 1.5% of the required speed when adjusting for loads.<br />
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So how does this 10% maximum permitted over-speed RPM relate to the output pressure? The speed (RPM) of a fire pump and the pressure developed do not increase linearly. That is if you double the RPM you do not double the pressure. When you double the speed you actually get four times the pressure. The formula is written as follows:<br />
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n5R4nGtZi80/T5MSxAI2N7I/AAAAAAAAAfc/MYH64INSarc/s1600/Pump+Speed+vs+Pressure+Affinity+Formula.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n5R4nGtZi80/T5MSxAI2N7I/AAAAAAAAAfc/MYH64INSarc/s320/Pump+Speed+vs+Pressure+Affinity+Formula.png" height="96" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pump Speed vs. Pressure Affinity Formula</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dg7GtUann7k/T5MVZDSmNwI/AAAAAAAAAfk/qcN8EDsRRfQ/s1600/Pump+Speed+vs+Pressure+Affinity+Formula+2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Dg7GtUann7k/T5MVZDSmNwI/AAAAAAAAAfk/qcN8EDsRRfQ/s400/Pump+Speed+vs+Pressure+Affinity+Formula+2.png" height="91" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pump Speed vs. Pressure Affinity Formula - Rearranged</td></tr>
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If we square the 10% increase in speed, we get a 21% increase in pressure as shown below. If we take 144.6 psi * 121%, we get 175 PSI. In practice, we do not recommend running your system this close to the rated system pressure unless you know there will never be any change to your suction pressure (i.e. a vertical turbine fire pump). For diesel fire pumps we recommend that you call and talk to one of our sales engineers.<br />
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rlt9t_slaWI/T5MWSQZq8bI/AAAAAAAAAfs/yJFvpQNYqbk/s1600/Pump+Speed+vs+Pressure+Affinity+Formula+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rlt9t_slaWI/T5MWSQZq8bI/AAAAAAAAAfs/yJFvpQNYqbk/s200/Pump+Speed+vs+Pressure+Affinity+Formula+3.png" height="92" width="200" /></a></div>
The NFPA 20 fire pump committee did this exact same exercise and came up with the following language for the code:<br />
<blockquote>
<b>NFPA 20 – 2010 Edition</b><br />
<b>4.18.1* General.</b><br />
<b>4.18.1.1</b> Where a diesel engine fire pump is installed and where a total of 121 percent of the net rated shutoff (churn) pressure plus the maximum static suction pressure, adjusted for elevation, exceeds the pressure for which the system components are rated, a pressure relief valve shall be installed.</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
<b>FM Global Standard 3-7 (Fire Protection Pumps – May 2010)</b><br />
<b>2.3.3 Pressure Relief Valves</b><br />
…<br />
<b>2.3.3.4</b> Provided a main relief valve on all diesel engine-driven fire pumps when 121% of the net rated shutoff (churn) pressure plus the maximum pump static suction pressure exceeds any system component rated pressure.</blockquote>
FYI - Remember that utilizing a Pressure Relief Valve to reduce discharge pressures is not permitted by NFPA 20 section 4.7.7.2. Designing system to discharge large amounts of water every time it runs is not considered good design practice and code recognizes this fact.<br />
MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-62839003114911480532012-02-17T11:36:00.001-07:002021-03-03T14:24:46.251-07:00Reliable Electrical Power for Fire Pumps and Backup Power<div><span style="background-color: #fcff01;">* Note that the 2016 edition of NFPA 20 changed the 4-hour to 10-hours of continuous outage *</span></div><div><br /></div>When do you need backup power for an electric fire pump? The simple answer is when the power is "reliable". Of course the word reliable means a lot of different things to different people. Interestingly, NFPA 20 did not define reliable power until the 2007. Thankfully the committee did agree on the following language:<br />
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<u><b>NFPA 20-2010</b></u><br /><b>A.9.3.2</b> A reliable power source possesses the following characteristics:<br />(1) The source power plant has not experienced any shutdowns longer than <span style="background-color: yellow;">4 continuous hours in the year prior to plan submittal</span>. NFPA 25, Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems, requires special undertakings (i.e., fire watches) when a water-based fire protection system is taken out of service for longer than 4 hours. If the normal source power plant has been intentionally shut down for longer than 4 hours in the past, it is reasonable to require a backup source of power.</blockquote>
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(2) No power outages have been experienced in the area of the protected facility caused by failures in the power grid that were not due to natural disasters or electric grid management failure. The standard does not require that the normal source of power is infallible. NFPA 20 does not intend to require a back-up source of power for every installation using an electric motor–driven fire pump. Should the normal source of power fail due to a natural disaster (hurricane) or due to a problem with electric grid management (regional blackout), the fire protection system could be supplied through the fire department connection. However, if the power grid is known to have had problems in the past (i.e., switch failures or animals shorting a substation), it is reasonable to require a back-up source of power.</blockquote>
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(3) The normal source of power is not supplied by overhead conductors outside the protected facility. Fire departments responding to an incident at the protected facility will not operate aerial apparatus near live overhead power lines, without exception. A back-up source of power is required in case this scenario occurs and the normal source of power must be shut off. Additionally, many utility providers will remove power to the protected facility by physically cutting the overhead conductors. If the normal source of power is provided by overhead conductors, which will not be identified, the utility provider could mistakenly cut the overhead conductor supplying the fire pump.</blockquote>
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(4) Only the disconnect switches and overcurrent protection devices permitted by 9.2.3 are installed in the normal source of power. Power disconnection and activated overcurrent protection should only occur in the fire pump controller. The provisions of 9.2.2 for the disconnect switch and overcurrent protection essentially require disconnection and overcurrent protection to occur in the fire pump controller. If unanticipated disconnect switches or overcurrent protection devices are installed in the normal source of power that do not meet the requirements of 9.2.2, the normal source of power must be considered not reliable and a back-up source of power is necessary.</blockquote>
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Interestingly for those of you who are insured by FM Global, the requirements are actually less stringent.<br />
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<b><u>FM 3-7 (May 2010)</u></b><br /><b>2.7.1.2</b> Supplement unreliable power sources with a second, independent source of power, such as an emergency generator or alternate utility connection, or provide a diesel engine-driven pump.<br />A reliable power source has infrequent power disruptions from environmental or man-made conditions. An electric power source that has disruptions lasting longer than <span style="background-color: yellow;">8 hours three or more times in a 12-month period</span> is considered unreliable. More frequent short-term outages would also be considered unreliable.</blockquote>
The backup power can be from either an emergency generator or from a separate power system (unlikely). So don't forget to select or a transfer switch or else change to a diesel engine driven fire pump.</div>
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For a horizontal split-case fire pump the rotation is defined by looking at the drive side of the pump unit. This means that if you were sitting on the motor and looking at the pump, a right-hand (clockwise) rotation has suction on the right and a left-hand (counter-clockwise) has the suction on the left. Make sure that you verify your orientation when looking at the pump.</div>
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LH Counter Clockwise | RH Clockwise</div>
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Also don't forget there are no UL/FM listed "left hand rotation" diesel engines available on the market.</div>
<br />MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-41563345461264160862012-01-10T16:15:00.000-07:002012-03-04T20:27:17.983-07:00Diesel Fuel Tank Size for Fire PumpsGuidance for the sizing diesel fuel tanks is quite straight forward due to the prescriptive requirements of the code. Just take your engine HP x 1.10 and the result in gallons is the minimum required diesel fuel storage tank size. The exact code reference from NFPA 20 (2010 edition) is provided below:<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>11.4.2* Fuel Supply Tank and Capacity.<br />11.4.2.1* Fuel supply tank(s) shall have a capacity at least<br />equal to 1 gal per hp (5.07 L per kW), plus 5 percent volume<br />for expansion and 5 percent volume for sump.<br />A.11.4.2 The quantity 1 gal per hp (5.07 L per kW) is equivalent<br />to 1 pint per hp (0.634 L per kW) per hour for 8 hours.<br />Where prompt replenishment of fuel supply is unlikely, a reserve<br />supply should be provided along with facilities for transfer<br />to the main tanks.</i></blockquote>
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How the committee arrived at these simplified guidelines is as follows. First, lets look at the conditions for when we expect the fire pump to run:<br />
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<ul>
<li>Quarterly Refilling of the Fuel Tank (approx 12-weeks)</li>
<li>A weekly test run for 30 Minutes</li>
<li>A minimum run time of 2-hour (or 4-hours during a fire depending upon your needs)</li>
</ul>
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Multiply this out and you get basically <b>8-hours of continuous run time</b> depending upon your run time during a fire. Take the NFPA 20 appendix guidance of 1 pint/hr/HP (0.125 gallons/hr/HP) x 8 hours and you get 1 Gallon per horse-power.</div>
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Lets compare this to the actual published data for a specific diesel engine. Take the smallest diesel engine Cummins makes a <a href="http://www.cumminsfirepower.com/documents/CurveData_CFP5E-F10.pdf">CFP5E-F10</a> which produces 95HP at 1760 RPM. The published fuel rate is 4.9 Gal/hr (18.5 L/hr). 4.9 Gallons/hr x 8 hours x 1.10 (sump/expansion) = 43 gallons minimum. If we use NFPA 20 guidance we would get 95 HP x 1 Gal/HP x 1.10 = 104.5 gallons minimum. As you can see the for this specific example NFPA 20 is much more conservative.</div>
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The other item you need to verify is that the fuel tank complies with <a href="http://database.ul.com/cgi-bin/XYV/template/LISEXT/1FRAME/showpage.html?name=EFVT.GuideInfo&ccnshorttitle=Special-purpose+Tanks&objid=1074232368&cfgid=1073741824&version=versionless&parent_id=1073986084&sequence=1Guidance%20for%20sizing%20diesel%20fuel%20tanks%20is%20quite%20straight%20for%20due%20to%20the%20prescriptive%20requirements%20of%20the%20code.%20%20Just%20take%20your%20engine%20HP%20x%201.10%20and%20the%20result%20in%20gallons%20is%20the%20minimum%20required%20diesel%20fuel%20storage%20tank%20size.%20%20The%20exact%20code%20reference%20from%20NFPA%2020%20(2010%20edition)%20is%20provided%20below:%2011.4.2*%20Fuel%20Supply%20Tank%20and%20Capacity.%2011.4.2.1*%20Fuel%20supply%20tank(s)%20shall%20have%20a%20capacity%20at%20least%20equal%20to%201%20gal%20per%20hp%20(5.07%20L%20per%20kW),%20plus%205%20percent%20volume%20for%20expansion%20and%205%20percent%20volume%20for%20sump.%20A.11.4.2%20The%20quantity%201%20gal%20per%20hp%20(5.07%20L%20per%20kW)%20is%20equivalent%20to%201%20pint%20per%20hp%20(0.634%20L%20per%20kW)%20per%20hour%20for%208%20hours.%20Where%20prompt%20replenishment%20of%20fuel%20supply%20is%20unlikely,%20a%20reserve%20supply%20should%20be%20provided%20along%20with%20facilities%20for%20transfer%20to%20the%20main%20tanks.%20How%20the%20committee%20arrived%20at%20these%20simplified%20guidelines%20is%20as%20follows.%20%20First,%20we%20have%20the%20following%20conditions%20for%20when%20we%20expect%20the%20fire%20pump%20to%20run:%20Quarterly%20Refilling%20of%20the%20Fuel%20Tank%20(approx%2012-weeks)%20A%20weekly%20test%20run%20for%2030%20Minutes%20A%20minimum%20run%20time%20of%202-hour%20(or%204-hours%20during%20a%20fire%20depending%20upon%20your%20needs)%20Multiply%20this%20out%20and%20you%20get%20basically%208-hours%20of%20continuous%20run%20time%20depending%20upon%20your%20run%20time%20during%20a%20fire.%20%20Take%20the%20NFPA%2020%20appendix%20guidance%20of%201%20pint/hr/HP%20(0.125%20gallons/hr/HP)%20x%208%20hours%20and%20you%20get%201%20Gallon%20per%20horse-power.%20%20Lets%20compare%20this%20to%20the%20actual%20published%20data%20for%20a%20specific%20diesel%20engine.%20%20Take%20the%20smallest%20diesel%20engine%20Cummins%20makes%20a%20CFP5E-F10%20which%20produces%2095HP%20at%201760%20RPM.%20%20The%20published%20fuel%20rate%20is%204.9%20Gal/hr%20(18.5%20L/hr).%20%204.9%20Gallons/hr%20x%208%20hours%20x%201.10%20(sump/expansion)%20=%2043%20gallons%20minimum.%20%20If%20we%20use%20NFPA%2020%20guideance%20we%20would%20get%2095%20HP%20x%201%20Gal/HP%20x%201.10%20=%20104.5%20gallons%20minimum.%20%20As%20you%20can%20see%20the%20for%20this%20specific%20example%20NFPA%2020%20is%20much%20more%20conservative.%20%20The%20other%20item%20you%20need%20to%20verify%20is%20that%20the%20fuel%20tank%20complies%20with%20UL%20142%20%20Standard%20Avaliable%20fuel%20sizes%20are:%20%20%20%20Nominal%20Tank%20Sizes%20(Gallons)%20Usable%20Volume%20(Gallons)%20119%20105%20187%20165%20300%20270%20359%20320%20572%20515%20849%20766%201100%20993%20%20%20%20Based%20on%20some%20standard%20horse%20power%20ratings%20%20200%20HP%20x%201Gal/HP%20x%201.10%20Expansion%20and%20Sump%20=%20220%20Gallons">UL 142</a> as required by NFPA 20 (2010 edition) paragraph 11.4.1.2.1. Fuel tank sizes are limited to 1320 gallons and the standard sizes available are as follows:</div>
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<td><b>Nominal Tank Sizes (Gallons)</b></td>
<td><b>Usable Volume (Gallons)</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>119</td>
<td>105</td>
</tr>
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<td>187</td>
<td>165</td>
</tr>
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<td>300</td>
<td>270</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>359</td>
<td>320</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>572</td>
<td>515</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>849</td>
<td>766</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1100</td>
<td>993</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<br />
<br />
<br />MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-8195686153259955512012-01-05T14:29:00.000-07:002012-04-21T14:32:23.750-06:00Seismic Design For Fire Sprinkler Systems - Part 2<i>Continued from <a href="http://blog.anvil-fire.com/2011/03/seismic-design-for-fire-sprinkler.html">Part 1 of seismic design for fire sprinkler systems.</a></i><br />
<br />
After you have determined if you need seismic bracing, how do you determine the amount of Horizontal Seismic Force or Fp to apply? (<i>Hint - You can just go to our <a href="http://www.anvil-fire.com/apps_seismic_force_input.html">Seismic Calculator App</a> and have much of the look up work done for you.</i>)<br />
<br />
<b>STEP ONE - APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND CODES</b><br />
Assuming that you are working in a jurisdiction that has adopted the International Building Code (IBC), you would start with section 1613.1 which states:<br />
<blockquote>
<i>1613.1 Scope. Every structure, and portion thereof, including<br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;">nonstructural components that are permanently attached to</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;">structures and their supports and attachments</span>, shall be<br />designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake<br />motions in accordance with ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and<br />Appendix l1A. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">T</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: yellow;">he seismic design category for a structure is<br />permitted to be determined in accordance with Section 1613</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"> or</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">ASCE 7.</span></i></blockquote>
Furthermore the International Mechanical Code (IMC) section 301.15 states:<br />
<blockquote>
<i>301.15 Seismic resistance. When earthquake loads are applicable in accordance with the International Building Code, mechanical system supports shall be designed and installed for the seismic forces in accordance with the International Building Code.</i></blockquote>
Looking in the appendix of the 2009 edition of IBC (page 590), we can see that the 2005 edition of ASCE 07 or ASCE 07-05 is adopted. So what is ASCE 07-05? The name of the standard is "<i>Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures</i>" and is published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>STEP TWO - DETERMINE THE FORCE FACTOR</b><br />
ASCE 07-05 paragraph 13.3.1 is the applicable section for "nonstructural" components and provides the following formula for determining the horizontal design force (Fp) to be applied:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<img alt="ASCE Formula" src="http://www.anvil-fire.com/images/ASCE_formula.gif" /></blockquote>
Most of the variables are already defined by NFPA 13 and/or ASCE 07-05 as follows:<br />
<br />
<div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" width="67"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Variable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.35pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Standard Value<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.05pt;" width="509"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Definition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">a<sub>p</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.35pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">2.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.05pt;" valign="top" width="509"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Component amplification
factor from Table 13.6-1 (Seismic Coefficients for Mechanical and Electrical
Components) – “Piping and tubing not in accordance with ASME B31, including
in-line components, constructed of high or limited deformability materials,
with joints made by threading, bonding, compression couplings, or grooved
couplings”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">(Note the 2002 edition of
ASCE 7 recommended a<sub>p </sub>= 1.0)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">R<sub>p</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.35pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">4.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.05pt;" valign="top" width="509"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Component response
modification factor from Table 13.6.-1 (same item as ap above)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">(Note the NFPA 13 2002 TIA
02-1 recommended a R<sub>p </sub>= 3.5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">I<sub>p</sub><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.35pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">1.5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.05pt;" valign="top" width="509"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Component Importance factor
(Ip) per ASCE 7-05 13.1.3 “… The component importance factor, Ip, shall be
taken as 1.5 if any of the following conditions apply: 1. The component is
required to function for life-safety purposes after an earthquake, including
fire protection sprinkler systems…”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">(Note the NFPA 13 2002 TIA
02-1 recommended a I<sub>p </sub>= 1.5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">z<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.35pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.05pt;" valign="top" width="509"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Height in structure of point
of attachment of component with respect to the base. For items at or below the base, z shall be
taken as 0. The value of z/h need not
exceed 1.0.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: .7in;" valign="top" width="67"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">h<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.35pt;" valign="top" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 382.05pt;" valign="top" width="509"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Average roof height of
structure with respect to base.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<br />
As you can see the only missing pieces are the Height of Attachment (z), Height of Structure (h), and Five-percent damped design spectral response acceleration at short periods (Sds).<br />
<br />
The calculated design force can be reduced by a factor of 1.4 because ASCE/SEI 7 is based on strength design, whereas NFPA 13 uses allowable stress design. Prior to the 2007 edition, all loads in NFPA 13 were at allowable stress levels with the exception of the buckling loads for brace members. In the 2007 edition, tables that contained the allowable loads on braces have been reduced to add a factor of safety appropriate to the use of allowable stress design<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17073290723135339584noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-49036673515100947622011-10-03T13:10:00.005-06:002011-11-05T13:02:20.952-06:00Earthquake Data for CanadaThere is a site similar to USGS' for earthquake data in Canada available at:<br />
<blockquote>
<a href="http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard-alea/interpolat/index-eng.php">http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard-alea/interpolat/index-eng.php</a></blockquote>
Let us know if you are interested in having Anvil Fire update our <a href="http://anvil-fire.com/apps_seismic_force_input.html">Seismic Force Calculator App</a> to include this information. <br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0oN4i71Rdgg/TooIjcLWejI/AAAAAAAAAZc/brb3r_RUG5g/s1600/Canada_Seismic_Web_Site.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0oN4i71Rdgg/TooIjcLWejI/AAAAAAAAAZc/brb3r_RUG5g/s400/Canada_Seismic_Web_Site.jpg" width="378" /></a></div>
<br />MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-47417649695985282512011-09-25T11:10:00.000-06:002012-03-05T18:16:30.619-07:00Seismic design changes - 2012 IBC<div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><u>DesignMaps Application and 2008 Design Data</u></span><br />
USGS has released an updated <a href="https://geohazards.usgs.gov/secure/designmaps/us/">DesignMaps application</a> which is a great application. However, before you start applying it to 2009 International Building Code please make sure to read their <a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/faq/?faqID=291">FAQ page</a> which states:</div>
<blockquote>
<i>This application should currently only be used to investigate which design values will likely be mandated in the future.</i></blockquote>
<br />
This recommendation by USGS is based on the hierarchy of the codes and standards, which is as follows:<br />
<div>
<blockquote>
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" frame="BOX" rules="COLS" style="text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td>2003 IBC</td><td>2006 IBC</td><td>2009 IBC</td><td>2012 IBC</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" /></a></div>
</td><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" /></a></div>
</td><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" /></a></div>
</td><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" /></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>ASCE7-02</td><td>ASCE7-05</td><td>ASCE7-05</td><td>ASCE7-10</td></tr>
<tr><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" /></a></div>
</td><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" /></a></div>
</td><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" /></a></div>
</td><td><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-drcz8RXTICg/Tn9QxT7JHJI/AAAAAAAAAZY/yeeAzwKtAkc/s1600/down_arrow.jpg" /></a></div>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>USGS 2002</td><td>USGS 2002</td><td>USGS 2002</td><td>USGS 2008</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</blockquote>
<br />
The <a href="https://geohazards.usgs.gov/secure/designmaps/us/">DesignMaps application</a> utilizes information from the 2008 USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps information. For 2008 the hazard values in the Central and Eastern U.S. have been reduced by 10-25% in many cases, and most 1-second period ground motion values for the Western U.S. have also been reduced, in some cases by as much as 30%.</div>
<div>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><u>Example differences between 2002 and 2008 Design Data</u></span></div>
<div>
Lets look at a comparison of several values based on the 2002 vs 2008 hazard values. (Examples based Site Class 'D' and Occupancy Category of 'II').</div>
<div>
<div>
<blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19px;"><b>Atlanta, GA (Lat 33.7489954, Lng -84.3879824)</b></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" frame="BOX" rules="COLS"><tbody>
<tr><td>Data Source</td><td>Ss</td><td>S1</td><td>Sds</td><td>Sd1</td><td>Sds Design Cat</td><td>Sd1 Design Cat</td></tr>
<tr><td>2002 Design Data</td><td>0.226</td><td>0.085</td><td>0.241</td><td>0.137</td><td>B</td><td>C</td></tr>
<tr><td>2008 Design Data</td><td>0.185</td><td>0.090</td><td>0.197</td><td>0.144</td><td>B</td><td>C</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit; line-height: 19px;"><b>Sacramento, CA (Lat 38.5815719, Lng -121.4943996)</b></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" frame="BOX" rules="COLS"><tbody>
<tr><td>Data Source</td><td>Ss</td><td>S1</td><td>Sds</td><td>Sd1</td><td>Sds Design Cat</td><td>Sd1 Design Cat</td></tr>
<tr><td>2002 Design Data</td><td>0.591</td><td>0.244</td><td>0.523</td><td>0.311</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr>
<tr><td>2008 Design Data</td><td>0.675</td><td>0.294</td><td>0.567</td><td>0.355</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #333333; line-height: 19px;"><b>Casper, WY (Lat 42.866632, Lng -106.313081)</b></span><br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" frame="BOX" rules="COLS"><tbody>
<tr><td>Data Source</td><td>Ss</td><td>S1</td><td>Sds</td><td>Sd1</td><td>Sds Design Cat</td><td>Sd1 Design Cat</td></tr>
<tr><td>2002 Design Data</td><td>0.370</td><td>0.077</td><td>0.371</td><td>0.123</td><td><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">C</span></b></td><td>B</td></tr>
<tr><td>2008 Design Data</td><td>0.277</td><td>0.074</td><td>0.291</td><td>0.118</td><td><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: red;">B</span></b></td><td>B</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</blockquote>
</div>
As seen in the last example for Casper, Wyoming, seismic bracing for fire sprinkler piping is not required based on which design criteria is applied. The Sds value is 21% less in the 2008 values. So whether you utilize the 2002 or 2008 hazard data can make a significant difference on your project.<br />
<br />
Anvil Fire's <a href="http://www.anvil-fire.com/apps_seismic_force_input.html">Seismic Force Calculation App</a> provides values based on the 2002 hazard values published by USGS and is basically identical to the <a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/designmaps/javacalc.php">Java Ground Motion Parameter Calculator</a> provided by USGS. Consult with your AHJ, but at this time we recommend that you follow USGS's recommendation to only use the DesignMaps application to investigate the requirements of the future 2012 International Building Code.</div>
<br />
<div>
For more detailed information on how to determine the seismic design forces for fire suppression systems, please read our blog post on <a href="http://blog.anvil-fire.com/2011/03/seismic-design-for-fire-sprinkler.html">Seismic Design For Fire Sprinkler Systems</a>.</div>
</div>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-91577914015269671452011-08-14T18:37:00.000-06:002011-11-05T13:02:09.813-06:00Expanded Seismic Data for On-line App<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">So that our clients outside of the continental United States don't feel left out, we have expanded our seismic ground motion data to include:</span></div>
<a href="http://www.google.com/maps/vt/data=Ay5GWBeob_WIPLDYoIWcfVXxvZu9XwJ55OX7Ag,MP3-UWaDHOI-VT91U6Id9XDutVhjDFYdCYDAm5cMv98ihz6M9eJGKQVaL7XgSay4QNJfxehihWYMUoGk5jT8zSXvNpVfaaRxGtlyjO0OFmvDde86FV47g8etD6FZjAtl9wSvUFHwWxNOGPmtburVwTY3fE51UmYixUXllIJ7E7PytuLX" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></a><br />
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Hawaii</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">This data is from the USGS and is applicable for designs applying ASCE 7-05 as referenced by the 2006 and 2009 editions of IBC. Visit our on-line <a href="http://www.anvil-fire.com/apps_seismic_force_input.html">fire sprinkler seismic calculation app</a> and try it out for these locations.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.google.com/maps/vt/data=Ay5GWBeob_WIPLDYoIWcfVXxvZu9XwJ55OX7Ag,MP3-UWaDHOI-VT91U6Id9XDutVhjDFYdCYDAm5cMv98ihz6M9eJGKQVaL7XgSay4QNJfxehihWYMUoGk5jT8zSXvNpVfaaRxGtlyjO0OFmvDde86FV47g8etD6FZjAtl9wSvUFHwWxNOGPmtburVwTY3fE51UmYixUXllIJ7E7PytuLX" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="http://www.google.com/maps/vt/data=Ay5GWBeob_WIPLDYoIWcfVXxvZu9XwJ55OX7Ag,MP3-UWaDHOI-VT91U6Id9XDutVhjDFYdCYDAm5cMv98ihz6M9eJGKQVaL7XgSay4QNJfxehihWYMUoGk5jT8zSXvNpVfaaRxGtlyjO0OFmvDde86FV47g8etD6FZjAtl9wSvUFHwWxNOGPmtburVwTY3fE51UmYixUXllIJ7E7PytuLX" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-9513166906002850012011-07-28T20:13:00.000-06:002011-07-28T20:13:44.025-06:00Simple EngineeringA toothpaste factory had a problem: they sometimes shipped empty boxes, without the tube inside. This was due to the way the production line was set up, and people with experience in designing production lines will tell you how difficult it is to have everything happen with timings so precise that every single unit coming out of it is perfect 100% of the time. Small variations in the environment (which can’t be controlled in a cost-effective fashion) mean you must have quality assurance checks smartly distributed across the line so that customers all the way down the supermarket don’t get pissed off and buy someone else’s product instead.<br />
<br />
Understanding how important that was, the CEO of the toothpaste factory got the top people in the company together and they decided to start a new project, in which they would hire an external engineering company to solve their empty boxes problem, as their engineering department was already too stretched to take on any extra effort.<br />
<br />
The project followed the usual process: budget and project sponsor allocated, RFP, third-parties selected, and six months (and $8 million) later they had a fantastic solution — on time, on budget, high quality and everyone in the project had a great time. They solved the problem by using some high-tech precision scales that would sound a bell and flash lights whenever a toothpaste box weighing less than it should. The line would stop, and someone had to walk over and yank the defective box out of it, pressing another button when done.<br />
<br />
A while later, the CEO decides to have a look at the ROI of the project: amazing results! No empty boxes ever shipped out of the factory after the scales were put in place. Very few customer complaints, and they were gaining market share. “That’s some money well spent!” – he says, before looking closely at the other statistics in the report.<br />
<br />
It turns out, the number of defects picked up by the scales was 0 after three weeks of production use. It should’ve been picking up at least a dozen a day, so maybe there was something wrong with the report. He filed a bug against it, and after some investigation, the engineers come back saying the report was actually correct. The scales really weren'’t picking up any defects, because all boxes that got to that point in the conveyor belt were good.<br />
<br />
Puzzled, the CEO travels down to the factory, and walks up to the part of the line where the precision scales were installed. A few feet before it, there was a $20 desk fan, blowing the empty boxes out of the belt and into a bin. “Oh, that — one of the guys put it there ’cause he was tired of walking over every time the bell rang”, says one of the workers.MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-74164010177356532662011-07-16T21:03:00.003-06:002011-07-17T13:17:23.848-06:00Fire Pump Sizing AppWe are pleased to offer a <a href="http://www.anvil-fire.com/apps_pump_sizing.html">NFPA 20 fire pump sizing app</a> to our clients. This app allows you to quickly look up the minimum required suction, discharge, test header, number of hose valves, and relief valve size. These are the recommended sizes and we recommend a quick phone call to discuss your project specific conditions.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.anvil-fire.com/apps_pump_sizing.html"> <img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Dn5HOrJvDiU/TiM0IzYLBmI/AAAAAAAAAW4/ftuUeAocm-Y/s1600/Pump_App_ScreenShot.png" /><br />
</a></div>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-45950881151083464042011-01-15T12:51:00.105-07:002012-05-05T11:29:48.964-06:00Seismic Design For Fire Sprinkler SystemsHow do you know when seismic bracing is required for fire sprinkler piping? Lets walk through the general procedure to determine if bracing is required. (<i>Hint - You can just go to our <a href="http://www.anvil-fire.com/apps_seismic_force_input.html">Seismic Calculator App</a> and have much of the look up work done for you.</i>)<br />
<br />
<b>STEP ONE - APPLICABLE STANDARDS AND CODES</b><br />
Assuming that you are working in a jurisdiction that has adopted the International Building Code (IBC), you would start with section 1613.1 which states:<br />
<blockquote>
<i>1613.1 Scope. Every structure, and portion thereof, including<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span class="Apple-style-span">nonstructural components that are permanently attached to</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><br />
</span><span class="Apple-style-span">structures and their supports and attachments</span></span>, shall be<br />
designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake<br />
motions in accordance with ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and<br />
Appendix l1A. <span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span class="Apple-style-span">T</span><span class="Apple-style-span">he seismic design category for a structure is<br />
permitted to be determined in accordance with Section 1613</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;"> or</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: white;">ASCE 7.</span></i></blockquote>
Furthermore the International Mechanical Code (IMC) section 301.15 states:<br />
<blockquote>
<i>301.15 Seismic resistance. When earthquake loads are applicable in accordance with the International Building Code, mechanical system supports shall be designed and installed for the seismic forces in accordance with the International Building Code.</i></blockquote>
Looking in the appendix of the 2009 edition of IBC (page 590), we can see that the 2005 edition of ASCE 07 (ASCE 07-05) is adopted. So what is ASCE 07-05? The name of the standard is "<i>Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures</i>" and is published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).<br />
<br />
<b>STEP TWO - Ss and S1 Design Ground Motions</b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">As noted in IBC section 1613.1 above, we are going to use IBC section 1613 to determine our<b> seismic design category</b>. The first step is determine how strong the forces will be at your site. There are two types of forces to consider: Short Period (Ss) and 1-Second Period (S1). These values are typically determined by the USGS and the official definitions are as follows:</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"></span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Ss = mapped MCE, 5 percent damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at short periods</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">S1 = mapped MCE, 5 percent damped, spectral response acceleration parameter at a period of 1 second</span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">MCE = Maximum Considered Earthquake effects</span></li>
</ul>
Most building codes use 0.2 second and 1.0 second to represent the approximate natural period of vibration of a short and tall building, respectively<br />
<br />
The USGS provides and excellent <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse;"><a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/designmaps/javacalc.php" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Java based calculation program</a> for looking up these and many other values based on lat/lng and zip code. </span>Or you can just go to our <a href="http://www.anvil-fire.com/apps_seismic_force_input.html">Seismic Calculator App</a> which is based on this same data and provides some addition capabilities.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l-kFCAbMxu8/TiMhGRXwtoI/AAAAAAAAAWs/ihpEwJI5ZcU/s1600/USGS_PGA_2008.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-l-kFCAbMxu8/TiMhGRXwtoI/AAAAAAAAAWs/ihpEwJI5ZcU/s400/USGS_PGA_2008.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">If I asked which area of the country had the heights forces, I bet you would guess </span>California<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">. However, the highest seismic forces for the </span>continental<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"> United States are:</span><br />
<ul>
<li>La Center, Kentucky (37.1, -89.0) with a Ss = 3.4079</li>
<li>Harrisburg, Arkansas (35.5, -90.6) with a S1 = 1.36927</li>
<li><i>* Based on USGS 2003 Conterminous US Design Ground Motion data on <a href="http://earthquake.usgs.gov/">http://earthquake.usgs.gov</a></i></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<b>STEP TWO - SITE CLASS, Fa, and Fv (ADJUSTMENT FACTORS)</b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
The next step is to determine the <b>Site Class</b>. Whether the ground is very stiff or very soft greatly affects the way the seismic forces are transferred to the structure. In general, a stiff ground transfers the energy efficiently and a soft ground just absorbs the energy. As such, the IBC provides a standard formula to adjust the S1 and Ss values determined above for your soil profile. We strongly recommend that you consult with the Structural Engineer of Record since he already had to determine this class for his calculations. That being said, the most typical soil type is 'D' or Still Soil Pile.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
<br /></div>
<table id="rounded-corner" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Calibri, 'sans serif'; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><tbody style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Table 1613.5.2 - Site Class Definitions</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Site Class</div>
</td><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Soil Profile Name</div>
</td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
AVERAGE PROPERTIES IN TOP 100 feet, SEE SECTION 1613.5.5</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Soil shear wave velocity, Vs (ft/s)</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Standard penetration resistance, N</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Soil undrained shear strength, Su (psf)</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
A</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Hard Rock</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Vs > 5,000</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
N/A</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
N/A</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
B</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Rock</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
2,500 < VS <= 5,000</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
N/A</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
N/A</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
C</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Very Dense Soil and Soft Rock</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
1,200 < VS <= 2,500</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
N > 50</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Sa >= 2,000</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
D</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Stiff Soil Profile</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
600 <= VS <= 1,200</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
15 <= N <=50</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
1,000 <= Sa <= 2,000</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
E</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Stiff Soil Profile</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
VS < 600</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
N < 15</div>
</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">
Sa < 1,000</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
You then look up the site coefficients from IBC tables 1613.5.3(1) and 1613.5.3(2) below. Note that you can apply a straight-line interpolation for intermediate values and this can make a significant difference.<br />
<br />
<table id="rounded-corner" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><tbody style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">TABLE 1613.5.3(1) VALUES OF SITE COEFFICIENT Fa (a)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Site Class</td><td colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mapped Spectral Response Accleration at Short Period</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ss <= 0.25</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ss = 0.50</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ss = 0.75</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ss = 1.00</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ss >= 1.25</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">B</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.2</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.2</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.1</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.6</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.4</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.2</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.1</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">E</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.5</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.7</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.2</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.9</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.9</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">F</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(a) Use straight-line interpolations for intermediate values of mapped spectral response acceleration at short period, Ss.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(b) Values shall be determined in accordance with Section 11.4.7 of ASCE 7.</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; border-collapse: collapse; color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Calibri, 'sans serif'; font-size: 16px;"></span><br />
<table id="rounded-corner" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><tbody style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">TABLE 1613.5.3(2) VALUES OF SITE COEFFICIENT Fv (a)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Site Class</td><td colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mapped Spectral Response Acceleration at 1-Second Period</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">S1 <= 0.1</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">S1 = 0.2</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">S1 = 0.3</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">S1 = 0.4</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">S1 >= 0.5</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.8</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">B</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.0</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.7</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.6</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.5</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.4</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.3</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.4</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.0</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.6</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.5</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">E</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">3.5</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">3.2</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.8</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.4</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.4</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #d0dafd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">F</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #d0dafd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #d0dafd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #d0dafd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #d0dafd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #d0dafd; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Note b</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;"><ul style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(a) Use straight-line interpolations for intermediate values of mapped spectral response acceleration at 1-second period, S1.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(b) Values shall be determined in accordance with Section 11.4.7 of ASCE 7.</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>STEP THREE - Sds and Sd1 (ADJUSTED FORCES)</b><br />
Now that we know the expected forces (S1 and Ss) and adjustment factors (Fv and Fa), we need to crunch some numbers to determine the adjusted force factors per the following simplified IBC formulas:<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-My9d28mFTiY/TiMrCrAfk3I/AAAAAAAAAWw/Cswxy0eVNMk/s1600/Sd1_Formula.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-My9d28mFTiY/TiMrCrAfk3I/AAAAAAAAAWw/Cswxy0eVNMk/s1600/Sd1_Formula.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(IBC equations 16-37 and 16-39 combined)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0p6Z8kt63MI/TiMrGj2hkcI/AAAAAAAAAW0/YGV_z6_WDHI/s1600/Sds_Formula.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0p6Z8kt63MI/TiMrGj2hkcI/AAAAAAAAAW0/YGV_z6_WDHI/s1600/Sds_Formula.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(IBC equations 16-36 and 16-38 combined)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>STEP FOUR - DESIGN CATEGORY AND ACCEPTABLE RISK BASED ON OCCUPANCY</b><br />
Now that we know the adjusted design forces, we need to determine if these forces are great enough to require preventative actions. Risk is related to the activity. A hospital has a much higher risk than a temporary storage facility. IBC recoginzes this in Tables 1604.56, 1613.5.6(1), and 1613.5.6(2) as follows:<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Calibri, 'sans serif'; font-size: 16px;"></span><br />
<table id="rounded-corner" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><tbody style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">IBC Table 1604.5 - Occupancy Category of Buildings and Other Structures</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Occupancy Category</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Nature of Occupancy</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">I</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buildings and other structures that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure, including but not limited to:<br />
<ul style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Agricultural facilities</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Certain temporary facilities</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Minor storage facilities</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">II</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buildings and other structures except those listed in Occupancy Categories I, III, and IV</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">III</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure, including but no limited to:<br />
<ul style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Covered structures whose primary occupancy is public assembly with an occupant load greater than 300</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buildings and other structures with elementary school, secondary school or day care facilities with an occupancy load greater than 250</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buildings and other structures with an occupancy load greater than 500 for colleges or adult education facilities.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Health care facilities with an occupant load of 50 or more resident patients, but not having surgery or emergency treatment facilities.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jails and detention facilities.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Any other occupancy with an occupant load greater than 5,000.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Power-generating stations, water treatment for potable water, waste water treatment facilities and other public utility facilities not included in Occupancy Group IV.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buildings and other structures not include in Occupancy Category IV containing sufficient quantities of toxic or explosive substances to be dangerous to the public if released.</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">IV</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities, including but not limited to:<br />
<ul style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hospitals and other health care facilities having surgery or emergency treatment facilities.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fire, rescue and police stations and emergency vehicle garages.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Designated earthquake, hurricane or other emergency shelters.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Designated emergency preparedness, communication, and operation centers and other facilities required for emergency response.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Power-generating stations and other public utility facilities required as backup facilities for Occupancy Category IV structures.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Structures containing highly toxic materials as defined by Section 307 where the quantity of material exceeds the maximum allowable quantities of Table 307.1.(2).</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aviation control towers, air traffic control centers and emergency aircraft hangers.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Buildings and other structures having critical national defense functions.</li>
<li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Water treatment facilities required to maintain water pressure for fire suppression.</li>
</ul>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Calibri, 'sans serif'; font-size: 16px;"></span><br />
<table id="rounded-corner" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><tbody style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Table 1613.5.6(1) SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY BASED ON SHORT-PERIOD RESPONSE ACCELERATIONS</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Value of Sds</td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">OCCUPANCY CATEGORY</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">I or II</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">III</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">IV</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sds < 0.167g</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.167g <= Sds < 0.33g</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">B</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">B</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.33g <= Sds < 0.50g</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.50g <= Ss1</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Calibri, 'sans serif'; font-size: 16px;"></span><br />
<table id="rounded-corner" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><tbody style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Table 1613.5.6(2) SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY BASED ON 1-SECOND PERIOD RESPONSE ACCELERATIONS</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Value of Sds</td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">OCCUPANCY CATEGORY</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">I or II</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">III</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">IV</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sd1 < 0.067g</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">A</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.067g <= Sd1 < 0.133g</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">B</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">B</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.133g <= Sd1 < 0.20g</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">C</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td></tr>
<tr style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.20g <= Sd1</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e8edff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: #666699; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: baseline;">D</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b>STEP FIVE - IS BRACING REQUIRED?</b><br />
Finally we have determined a <b>Seismic Design Category</b> based on the forces, adjustment factors, and occupancy of the building. Based on the worst case seismic design category, we can go back to<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"> ASCE 07-05 and look at the following single paragraph:</span><br />
<blockquote>
<i>13.1.4 Exemptions. The following nonstructural components are exempt from the requirements of this section:</i> </blockquote>
<blockquote>
<i>… 2. Mechanical and electrical components in Seismic Design Category B.</i></blockquote>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #cccccc;">So if Category A or B you are exempt, if C or D you need to provide bracing.</span><br />
<br />
Look for the <a href="http://blog.anvil-fire.com/2012/04/seismic-design-for-fire-sprinkler.html">next post</a> on calculating the forces on individual piping components in accordance with ASCE 07-05 paragraph 13.6.8.3.MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-82170879506885069152011-01-07T17:39:00.001-07:002011-03-07T17:53:50.684-07:00Hile Piled Storage Warehouses<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Are you an owner looking to build a warehouse? Better plan for a fire sprinkler system if you are going to store combustible materials greater than 12-feet in height.</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-J_U4f1Kxw9s/TXV5gTyZ3hI/AAAAAAAAAVo/ICYa5w6oBrw/s1600/Storage-Rack.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-J_U4f1Kxw9s/TXV5gTyZ3hI/AAAAAAAAAVo/ICYa5w6oBrw/s320/Storage-Rack.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">Per Chapter 23 of the International Fire Code “High Piled Storage” is defined in IFC 2302 as:</span><br />
<blockquote><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">“Storage of combustible materials in closely packed piles or combustible materials on pallets, in racks or on shelves where the top of storage is greater than 12 feet (3658 mm) in height.” When required by the fire code official, high-piled combustible storage also includes certain high-hazard commodities, such as rubber tires, Group A plastics, flammable liquids, idle pallets and similar commodities, where the top of storage is greater than 6 feet (1829 mm) in height.</span></i></blockquote><b>Minimum Submittal Requirements</b><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">At minimum the design professional's permit submittal must include the following per IFC 105.6:</span><br />
<br />
<ul style="color: #111111; line-height: 22px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 1.571em; margin-left: 1.571em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;">
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Floor plan of the building showing locations and dimensions of high-piled storage areas.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Usable storage height for each storage area.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Number of tiers within each rack, if applicable.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Commodity clearance between top of storage and the sprinkler deflector for each storage arrangement.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Aisle dimensions between each storage array.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Maximum pile volume for each storage array.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Location and classification of commodities in accordance with Section 2303.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Location of commodities which are banded or encapsulated.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Location of required fire department access doors.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Type of fire suppression and fire detection systems.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Location of valves controlling the water supply of ceiling and in-rack sprinklers.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Type, location and specifications of smoke removal and curtain board systems.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Dimension and location of transverse and longitudinal flue spaces.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Additional information regarding required design features, commodities, storage arrangement and fire protection features within the high-piled storage area shall be provided at the time of submittal</li>
</span></ul><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #111111;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><b>Fire Sprinkler Requirements</b></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #111111;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">While it is not possible for us to cover all the requirements and storage configurations in this discussion, let's hit on how you can get more competitive bids from fire sprinkler contractors. The key item is to have a design professional specify the design criteria for the building. You would get a wide variety of costs if you just asked for a "fully sprinklered" building. Some commonly overlooked but expensive things that get overlook are as follows:</span></span><br />
<br />
<ol><a href="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-EMGyI5ncFwA/TXV-BJX_bgI/AAAAAAAAAVw/raQg6COgjPw/s1600/SmokeVents.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/-EMGyI5ncFwA/TXV-BJX_bgI/AAAAAAAAAVw/raQg6COgjPw/s200/SmokeVents.jpg" width="200" /></a>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #111111;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">Is the roof pitch greater than 2:12? If so there is no design criteria for protecting the building as no fire tests have been conducted with a pitched ceiling.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #111111;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">Do you utilize plastic pallets? This additional plastic material automatically kicks the commodity classification up a category.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #111111;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">Do you have solid shelving in the racks? Fire sprinkler systems require less water/density when the water can penetrate down the rack.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #111111;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">Do you need Fire Hose Stations? It is possible to negotiate out the need for these if you have fire hydrants adequately spaced around the warehouse.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #111111;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;">Do you need Smoke Vents?</span></span></li>
</ol><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span>MGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16118778190953627775noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-89607549312848216852010-09-19T09:31:00.005-06:002010-09-19T09:45:05.332-06:00Antifreeze Prohibited for Dwelling units<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">The NFPA committee made a decision and antifreeze for dwelling units is prohibited.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><blockquote><i>SUMMARY ACTION: The Standards Council voted to issue TIAs 1000, 995 and 994 on NFPA 13, NFPA 13R and NFPA 13D, respectively, which, for new installations, prohibit the use of antifreeze solutions within all NFPA 13D applications and within the dwelling unit portions of NFPA 13 and NFPA 13R sprinkler systems. In addition, the Council directed that the responsible technical committees conduct further activities as set forth in the decision.</i></blockquote></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">More information on the NFPA web site at <a href="http://www.nfpa.org/antifreeze" target="_blank">http://www.nfpa.org/antifreeze</a><br />
<br />
View the Phase II report here <a href="http://docs.google.com/gview?url=http://www.nfpa.org/assets/files//PDF/Research/RFAntifreezeSprinklerSystemPh2.pdf">RFAntifreezeSprinklerSystemPh2.pdf</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-13529459940774972382010-09-19T09:15:00.003-06:002010-09-19T09:53:18.282-06:00Skylights vs Ceiling Compartments<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VRq51j2W3LQ/TJYxyMglfDI/AAAAAAAAAAk/64vqgkBraOo/s1600/Skylight.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_VRq51j2W3LQ/TJYxyMglfDI/AAAAAAAAAAk/64vqgkBraOo/s200/Skylight.jpg" width="151" /></a></div><br />
<br />
Did you know that there are no depth limitations for skylights? Only limitations on the area (32 sq ft) need to be considered.<br />
<br />
Skylight is defined by Webster as "<i>an opening in a house roof or ship's deck that is covered with translucent or transparent material and that is designed to admit light.</i>"<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
</blockquote><blockquote><b>Excerpt from the 2010 edition of NFPA 13</b>:</blockquote><blockquote>8.6.7 Ceiling Pockets</blockquote><blockquote>8.6.7.1 Except as provided in 8.6.7.2 and 8.6.7.3, sprinklers shall be required in all ceiling pockets. </blockquote><blockquote>8.6.7.2 Sprinklers shall not be required in ceiling pockets where all of the following are meet: </blockquote><blockquote><br />
</blockquote><blockquote>(1) The total volume of the unprotected ceiling pocket does not exceed 1000 ft3 (28.3 m3).</blockquote><blockquote>(2) The depth of the unprotected pocket does not exceed 36 in. (914 mm).</blockquote><blockquote>(3) The entire floor under the unprotected ceiling pocket is protected by the sprinklers at the lower ceiling elevation.</blockquote><blockquote>(4) The total size of all unprotected ceiling pockets in the same compartment within 10 ft (3 m) of each other does not exceed 1000 ft3.</blockquote><blockquote>(5) The unprotected ceiling pocket has noncombustible or limited combustible finishes. </blockquote><blockquote><br />
</blockquote><blockquote>(6) Quick response sprinklers are utilized throughout the compartment.</blockquote><blockquote>8.6.7.3 Sprinklers shall not be required in skylights and similar pockets in accordance with 8.5.7</blockquote><blockquote><br />
</blockquote><blockquote>8.5.7 Skylights.</blockquote><blockquote>8.5.7.1 Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from skylights not exceeding 32 ft2 (3 m2) in area, regardless of hazard classification, that are separated by at least 10 ft (3 m) horizontally from any other unprotected skylight or unprotected ceiling pocket.</blockquote><blockquote>8.5.7.2 Skylights not exceeding 32 ft2 (3 m2) shall be permitted to have a plastic cover.</blockquote>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-774386552308856162.post-82088976555281605332010-09-16T08:38:00.001-06:002010-09-19T09:56:02.592-06:00Tyco-Fire Residential Dry Systems<span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VRq51j2W3LQ/TJYyYSOOmxI/AAAAAAAAAA0/nyXOpvfYamA/s1600/drytype2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_VRq51j2W3LQ/TJYyYSOOmxI/AAAAAAAAAA0/nyXOpvfYamA/s200/drytype2.jpg" width="193" /></a>Tyco just came out with a RCP-1 Residential Control Panel. Have to admit they have perfect timing with the new limitation issues for antifreeze system.</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Key items (in my opinion) from the data sheet:</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph"></div><ol><li>Listed for use with <b>CPVC</b> piping!</li>
<li>Still a dry system and must be pitched.</li>
<li>1-inch size has a list price of $3,900.00</li>
<li>1½-inch size has a list price of $4,500.00</li>
<li>Cabinet is self contained with built-in air compressor maintaining 14 PSI</li>
<li>Page 3 “Water delivery to the most remote single sprinkler for a residential hazard shall not exceed 15 seconds. The use of the TYCO SprinkFDT Fluid Delivery calculation program is <u>recommended</u> to assure a properly operating system can be achieved prior to constructing the actual installation.” … “As an alternative to using a Listed water delivery calculation program and method as referenced in NFPA 13D, Section 8.3.4.3.2, an inspector’s test connection providing a flow equivalent to the smallest orifice sprinkler may be utilized, wherein the test orifice is located on the end of the pipe supplying the most remote sprinkler.”</li>
</ol><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal">Visit the web-site at <a href="https://mail.sprinklertechnologydesign.com/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://tyco-fire.com/index.php?P=new-product%26B=" target="_blank">http://tyco-fire.com/index.php?P=new-product&B=</a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com